Читать книгу Molecular Biotechnology - Bernard R. Glick - Страница 6
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1 The Development of Molecular Biotechnology
Emergence of Molecular Biotechnology
Commercialization of Molecular Biotechnology
Preparation of DNA for Cloning
Insertion of Target DNA into a Plasmid Vector
Transformation and Selection of Cloned DNA in a Bacterial Host
Genome Engineering using CRISPR Technology
Assembling Oligonucleotides into Genes
Sequencing using Reversible Chain Terminators
Sequencing by Single Molecule Synthesis
Preparation of Genomic DNA Sequencing Libraries
High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing Strategies
3 Production of Recombinant Proteins
Protein Production in Prokaryotic Hosts
Increasing Translation Efficiency
Facilitating Protein Purification
DNA Integration into the Host Chromosome
Heterologous Protein Production in Eukaryotic Cells
Posttranslational Modification of Eukaryotic Proteins
General Features of Eukaryotic Expression Systems
Baculovirus–Insect Cell Expression Systems
Mammalian Cell Expression Systems
Examples of Protein Engineering
Immunological Approaches to Detect Protein Biomarkers
Agglutination
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Protein Arrays to Detect Polygenic Diseases
Immunoassays for Protein Conformation-Specific Disorders
DNA-Based Diagnostic Approaches
Hybridization Probes
PCR-Based Detection Methods
DNA Microarrays
Whole Genome Sequencing to Assess Genetic Disease Risk
Detecting RNA Signatures of Disease
Detection of Disease-Associated Changes in Gene Expression Using Microarrays
Detection of RNA Signatures of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Detection of miRNA Signatures of Cancers
Biofluorescent and Bioluminescent Systems
Fluorescent Proteins
Luciferase
Microbial Biosensors
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Pharmaceuticals
Human Interferons
Human Growth Hormone
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Extending Protein Half-Life
Enzymes
DNase I
Alginate Lyase
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
α1-Antitrypsin
Glycosidases
Masking Nonhuman Epitopes
Engineering Bacteriophages
Targeting Mitochondria
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Interleukin-10
Leptin
An HIV Inhibitor
Insulin
Recombinant Antibodies
Hybrid Human–Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies
Human Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody Fragments
Combinatorial Libraries of Antibody Fragments
A Combinatorial Library of Full-Length Antibodies
Shuffling CDR Sequences
Dual-Variable-Domain Antibodies
Anticancer Antibodies
Antibodies Against Various Diseases
Antiobesity Antibodies
Enhanced Antibody Half-Life
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6 Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Agents
Targeting Specific mRNA and DNA Sequences
Antisense RNA
Aptamers
Ribozymes and DNAzymes
Interfering RNA
Zinc Finger Nucleases
CRISPR-Cas System
Nanozymes
Nanoparticles
Viral Delivery Systems
Nonviral Delivery Systems
Direct Injection
Lipids
Bacteria
Dendrimers
Antibodies
Aptamers
Transposons
Gene Therapy
Prodrug Activation Therapy
Promoterless Gene Targeting
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Vaccination
Current and Future Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Herpes Simplex Virus
Cholera
SARS
Staphylococcus aureus
Human Papillomavirus
Foot-and-Mouth Virus
Streptococcus
Delivery
Peptide Vaccines
Malaria
Genetic Immunization: DNA Vaccines
Delivery
Cancer
Dental Caries
Attenuated Vaccines
Herpes Simplex Virus
Cholera
Salmonella Species
Leishmania Species
Vector Vaccines
Vaccines Directed against Viruses
Vaccines Directed against Bacteria
Bacteria as Antigen Delivery Systems
Monoclonal Antibody Passive Immunity
Influenza Virus
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
8 Industrial and Environmental Uses of Recombinant Microorganisms
Restriction Endonucleases
Small Biological Molecules
L-Ascorbic Acid
Indigo
Amino Acids
Lycopene
Antibiotics
Biopolymers
Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics
Genetic Engineering of Biodegradative Pathways
Utilization of Starch and Sugars
Commercial Production of Fructose and Alcohol
Increasing Alcohol Production
Improving Fructose Production
Utilization of Cellulose and Hemicellulose
Lignocellulosics
Cellulase Genes
Direct Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol
Zymomonas mobilis
Lipids from Cyanobacteria
Hydrogen Production
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
9 Large-Scale Production of Proteins from Recombinant Microorganisms
Principles of Microbial Growth
Batch Fermentation
Fed-Batch Fermentation
Continuous Fermentation
Maximizing The Efficiency of The Fermentation Process
High-Density Cell Cultures
Increasing Plasmid Stability
Quiescent E. Coli Cells
Protein Secretion
Reducing Acetate
Bioreactors
Typical Large-Scale Fermentation Systems
Two-Stage Fermentation in Tandem Airlift Reactors
Two-Stage Fermentation in a Single Stirred-Tank Reactor
Batch versus Fed-Batch Fermentation
Harvesting Microbial Cells
Disrupting Microbial Cells
Downstream Processing
Protein Solubilization
Utilizing an Immobilized Enzyme
Magnetic Separation of Proteins
Large-Scale Production of Plasmid DNA
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
10 Genetic Engineering of Plants: Methodology
Plant Transformation with the Ti Plasmid of A. Tumefaciens
Ti Plasmid-Derived Vector Systems
Microprojectile Bombardment
Chloroplast Engineering
Very High Level Protein Expression
Use of Reporter Genes in Transformed Plant Cells
Manipulation of Gene Expression in Plants
Transient Gene Expression
Plant Promoters
Targeted Gene Editing
Facilitating Protein Purification
Protein Glycosylation
Production of Marker-Free Transgenic Plants
Removing Marker Genes from Nuclear DNA
Removing Marker Genes from Chloroplast DNA
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Insect Resistance
B. thuringiensis Insecticidal Toxin
Increasing Expression of the B. thuringiensis Protoxin
Other Strategies for Protecting Plants against Insects
Preventing the Development of B. thuringiensis-Resistant Insects
Targeting Aphids
Virus Resistance
Viral Coat Protein-Mediated Protection
Protection by Expression of Other Genes
Herbicide Resistance
Fungus and Bacterium Resistance
Salt and Drought Stress
Fruit Ripening and Flower Wilting
Modification of Plant Nutritional Content
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
Iron
Gluten
Modification of Food Plant Taste and Appearance
Preventing Discoloration
Starch
Plants as Bioreactors
Antibodies
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric Acid)
Eddible Vaccines
Plant Yield
Altering Lignin Content
Increasing Oxygen Content
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Transgenic Mice: Methodology
DNA Microinjection Method
Retroviral Vector Method
Engineered Embryonic Stem Cell Method
Conditional Gene Inactivation with the Cre–loxP Recombination System
Genome Editing with the CRISPR-Cas System
Gene Knockdown by RNA Interference
Transgenic Mice: Applications
Transgenic Disease Models: Alzheimer Disease
Transgenic Mice as Test Systems
Control of Transgene Expression
Conditional Control of Cell Death
Transgenic Livestock
Cloning Livestock by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Production of Pharmaceuticals
Production of Donor Organs
Disease Resistant Livestock
Improving Milk Quality
Improving Animal Production Traits
Transgenic Poultry
Transgenic Fish
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
13 Molecular Biotechnology and Society
Development of Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research
Deliberate Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms
Environmental Concerns
Regulations
Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods
Food Ingredients Produced by Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Engineered Livestock
Societal Concerns About Genetically Modified Foods
Alteration of Nutritional Content of Food
Potential for Introducing Toxins or Allergens into Food
Potential for Transferring Transgenes from Food to Humans or Intestinal Microorganisms
Controversy About the Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods
Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Biodiversity
Who Benefits from Production of Genetically Modified Foods?
Environmental Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops
How do Views about Genetically Engineered Organisms Impact Trade?
Regulation and Safety of Medical Products of Biotechnology
New Biological Drugs
Genetic and Genomic Testing
Economic Issues
Patenting Biotechnology
Patenting
Patenting in Different Countries
Patenting Nucleic Acid Sequences
Patenting Living Organisms
Patenting and Fundamental Research
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
