Читать книгу Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants - Bharat Singh - Страница 43

Several species of the Artemisia genus (Fam. – Asteraceae) are used widely in traditional system of medicine (Willcox 2009). The etymology of Artemisia evolved from the name of the Greek goddess Artemis who developed artemisian plants to Chiron the Centaur (Wright 2002; El-Sahhar 2010). The majority of the species of this genus are found in China, ex-USSR, Europe, and Japan (Wright 2002; Stach et al. 2007). The Artemisia annua is known for its antimalarial actions due to the presence of artemisinin and its derivatives (Cui and Su 2010; Lackie 2010). Artemisia herba-alba has been known for traditional medicine to treat toothache, intestinal and respiratory diseases, enteritis, and diabetes mellitus (Wright 2002). It is widely used as an antidote in Jordan to treat for snake bites and scorpion stings (Wright 2002) and also inhibits 100% of the hemolytic effect of the venoms (Sallal and Alkofahi 1996). Besides the antiprotozoal properties, A. annua also exhibits promising activity of apoptosis in human cancer cells (Singh and Lai 2004; Efferth 2007; Ferreira et al. 2010). It also possesses antioxidant (Crespo-Ortiz and Wei 2012); antibacterial, antiworm, analgesic, and antispasmodic (Laid et al. 2008; Mohamed et al. 2010); and anticoccidial properties (Arab et al. 2006). The artemisinin and its derivatives were evaluated for antiviral activity against human hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, Epstein–Barr virus, etc. (Efferth et al. 2008).

Fifteen compounds were separated and characterized from A. annua by using spectral data, viz 5-O-[(E)-caffeoyl] quinic acid, 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, methyl-3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, methyl-3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,6′-O-diferuloylsucrose, 5′-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyjasmonic acid, scopoletin, scoparone, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyl-6-methoxyacetophenone, chrysosplenol D, casticin, and chrysosplenetin (Zhao et al. 2014). Several types of phenolics and essential oils were identified, viz camphor, chrysanthenone and cis-thujone, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, sabinyl acetate and α-thujone (Zouari et al. 2010; Amri et al. 2013), apigenin-6-C-glycosyl, caffeoylquinic acids, chlorogenic acid and 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid as phenolics along with β-thujone, and α-thujone from A. herba-alba (Younsi et al. 2016). Two new compounds (5-nonadecylresorcinol-3-O-methyl ether and dihydro-epideoxyarteannuin B), 8-C-glycosyl flavonoids, 5-O-glycosyl flavonoids, 3 flavonoid aglycones, 21 quinic acid derivatives, 2 benzoic acid glucosides, and 1 coumarin were isolated from A. annua (Brown 1992; Han et al. 2008). The artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin B from A. annua significantly reduced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and possessed the property of inhibitors of mediators of angiogenesis (Zhu et al. 2013). Quinic acid derivatives were also found to be the major constituents of A. annua (Han et al. 2008). Several essential oils (camphor, germacrene D, trans-pinocarveol, β-selinene, β-caryophyllene, and artemisia ketone) were isolated from the aerial parts of A. annua and possessed antimicrobial activity. The essential oils were active against Enterococcus hirae, and both tested fungi (Juteau et al. 2002). The two sterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) were characterized by physical spectral methods from A. annua (Khan et al. 1991). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of methanolic extract of Artemisia capillaris revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and their chemical structures were elucidated by spectral analysis (Seo et al. 2003). Artemisinin showed antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at several concentrations. Artemisinin inhibits calcium-dependent ATPase activity in T. cruzi membranes, proposing a mechanism of action through membrane pumps (Mishina et al. 2007).