Оглавление
Bill Ong Hing. To Be An American
About NYU Press
TO BE AN AMERICAN
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
chapter 1 A Superior Multicultural Experience
chapter 2 A Nation of Immigrants, a History of Nativism
THE UNDESIRABLE ASIAN
MAKING AMERICANS OUT OF MEXICANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS
SPURNING CATHOLICS AND OTHER SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPEANS
RENEWING THE ATTACK ON MEXICANS
THE HAMMER FALLS AGAIN ON OTHER IMMIGRANTS
chapter 3 Mi Cliente y Amigo Rodolfo Martinez Padilla
chapter 4 Searching for the Truth about Immigrants and Jobs
THINKING ABOUT JOBS AND WAGES. IMMIGRANTS AND JOB CREATION
IMMIGRANTS ARE COMPLEMENTARY WORKERS
THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRANTS ON WAGES
STUDYING IMMIGRANTS AND THE LABOR MARKET
1. REGIONAL AND LOCAL DIFFERENCES. a. Regional Unemployment Statistics
b. New York
c. Los Angeles
d. Miami
e. Chicago
f. Texas
2. CONSIDERING DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
a. Manufacturing
(i) Textile Industry
(ii) Automobile Parts
(iii) Electronics
(iv) Furniture
(v) Garment Industry
b. Service Industries
(i) Restaurant Work
(ii) Janitorial Work
c. Construction Industry
d. Food Processing
(i) Beef Packing
(ii) Poultry Processing
e. Agriculture
f. A New American Labor Movement?
g. Sectoral Studies and Native Wages
chapter 5 How Much Do Immigrants Cost? The Methodology Wars. COMMON SENSE OR POPULAR IMAGE
IMMIGRANTS: THE NATION’S BENEFACTORS
IMMIGRATION AS WELFARE-ENHANCING
IMMIGRANTS, THE STOCK OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, AND HUMAN POTENTIAL
INCREASED CONSUMPTION AND STIMULATION OF INVESTMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
1. THE LOS ANGELES STUDY
2. THE URBAN INSTITUTE: A DIFFERENT LOOK AT COSTS AND REVENUES
3. THE HUDDLE REPORT AND RESPONSES
QUESTIONING EDUCATIONAL COSTS
IMMIGRANTS AND THE WELFARE DISTORTION. 1. THE HUDDLE REPORT
2. THE JENSEN STUDY
3. URBAN INSTITUTE AND WELFARE
4. GEORGE BORJAS
5. GAO
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS: THE GREATEST NET CONTRIBUTORS
IMMIGRANTS AND CAPITAL
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS
IMMIGRANTS, TRADE, AND A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. 1. IMMIGRANTS AS A FORM OF TRADE BETWEEN NATIONS
2. THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS ON COMPETITIVENESS
3. EVALUATING IMMIGRATION AND ECONOMIC ISSUES GLOBALLY
chapter 6 Contextualizing Immigration
THE CALIFORNIA ECONOMY
THE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC DISINVESTMENT
TAXING AND SPENDING POLICIES THAT CRIPPLE
UNDERSTANDING THE LOSS OF JOBS
GLOBAL EFFECT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY
WE ARE NOT JAPAN
chapter 7 Low-Wage Immigrants and African Americans
DISASTROUS AFRICAN AMERICAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT
COMPETITION BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND IMMIGRANTS
THE TENSION BETWEEN ENCOURAGING IMMIGRATION AND EXPLOITING POOR WORKERS
chapter 8 Beyond the Economic Debate: The Cultural Complaint
RACE-BASED OBJECTIONS
CULTURE-BASED OBJECTIONS
AMERICA’S MULTIRACIAL AND MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE
IMMIGRANT ACCULTURATION
MULTICULTURALISM AND ASSIMILATION BY CHOICE
CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
ECONOMIC DIVERSITY AND COMPETITION
THE ADVANTAGE OF A DIVERSE WORKFORCE IN DOMESTIC MARKETS
OTHER BENEFITS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY
chapter 9 The Challenge to Cultural Pluralists: Interethnic Group Conflict and Separatism
INTERETHNIC GROUP CONFLICT
SEPARATISM
1. UNDERSTANDING SEPARATISM
a. Ideological Separatism
b. Sociological Separatism
2. RACISM, LACK OF CONTROL, IDENTITY, AND DIVERSITY
chapter 10 A New Way of Looking at America
DEFINING AMERICA
A NEW COMMITMENT
FINDING CORE VALUES
chapter 11 Back to Superior
Notes. NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION
NOTES TO CHAPTER 01
NOTES TO CHAPTER 02
NOTES TO CHAPTER 03
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
NOTES TO CHAPTER 05
NOTES TO CHAPTER 06
NOTES TO CHAPTER 07
NOTES TO CHAPTER 08
NOTES TO CHAPTER 09
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
NOTES TO CHAPTER 11
Index
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Eventually, private access to Native American lands declined and the impetus for assimilation correspondingly diminished. The movement also faltered in part because of the emergence of a racist perspective that Native Americans could not attain the level of accomplishment of the white race. Other factors which led to the termination of the assimilation programs included the fading of religious and scientific transcendent ethics, the increasing secularization of society, and studies by anthropologists and ethnologists which contributed to the public’s awareness of the depth, complexity, and uniqueness of the Native American cultures. In the 1920s, white artists and intellectuals from Taos and Santa Fe rallied behind the Pueblo tribes to oppose legislation that would have aided white squatters in their land claims against the Pueblos; their success awakened much of the country to the values of Native American culture and to the threat posed by the ongoing policies of assimilation.23
Nativist sentiment eventually caught up with Mexicans by the time of the Great Depression. Not surprisingly, the popular criticism of Mexican nationals was economic in tone—their high-paying jobs would be freed up for native workers if they were removed. Thousands of Mexicans were deported and thousands more were pressured to leave. Between 1930 and 1940, the Mexican-born population in the United States declined from 639,000 to 377,000. The protection-of-the-labor-market reasoning was used against Mexicans again in 1954, when “Operation Wetback” was implemented by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in the midst of the post-Korean War recession and over a million undocumented Mexicans were deported.24
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