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TIMELINE

Earth’s History

4,500 MILLION YEARS AGO (MYA): The Earth is formed

4,280 MYA: Water begins to condense in the atmosphere

3,600 MYA: The first supercontinent (Vaalbara) is formed

3,500 MYA: The first single-celled organisms, prokaryotes, appear; also, the first oxygen-producing bacteria

2,900 MYA: First glaciation (Pongola) occurs; possibly first snowball Earth event

2,400 MYA: The “oxygen catastrophe”; oxygen forms in earnest

2,400 TO 2,100 MYA: The Huronian ice age (with at least two snowball Earth events)

CA. 2,000 MYA: The first eukaryotes appear (first complex organisms with cell nuclei)

850 TO 635 MYA: Ice age (Sturtian-Varangian), with two more snowball Earth events

600 MYA: The first multicellular organisms appear

542 MYA: The “Cambrian explosion”; many new species appear

443 MYA: The supercontinent Gondwana becomes covered in ice; mass extinction of marine animals

420 MYA: First land plants appear, along with first fish with jaws (sharks), insects on land

252 MYA: Volcanic period; carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases to 2,000 ppm; oxygen falls from 30 percent to 12 percent

251 MYA: Mass extinction; 90 percent of marine animals and 70 percent of land animals die out

199.6 MYA: The Jurassic (age of dinosaurs) begins

55.5 MYA: Episode of warming (PETM, Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum); North Pole at 73 degrees Fahrenheit

50 MYA: India collides with Asia; the Himalayas are formed

35.6 MYA: Temperature falls 18 degrees Fahrenheit in the Eocene epoch

34 MYA: Ice forms on Antarctica

30 MYA: Australia and South America separate from Antarctica

3.9 MYA: Australopithecus appears

3.0 MYA: Ice cap in the Arctic forms

2.58 MYA: The Pleistocene, the most recent ice age epoch, begins

2.4 MYA: Homo habilis appears

CA. 200,000 YEARS AGO: Homo sapiens appears

125,000 YEARS AGO: Interglacial period

116,000 YEARS AGO: The last ice age begins

CA. 21,000 YEARS AGO: The last ice age peaks

11,600 YEARS AGO: The ice age (and Younger Dryas) ends; the Holocene begins

CA. 1350 TO 1850: Little Ice Age

CA. 1950: The Holocene ends, and the Anthropocene begins