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Notes
Оглавление1 1. Edinstvo, 14 May 1917.
2 2. Irina Zhdanova, ‘“Vek propagandy”: Upravlenie informatsiei v usloviiakh voiny i revoliutsii v Rossii v marte–oktiabre 1917 g.’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, no. 3 (2008): 129–36, here p. 130.
3 3. Aleksandr Kerenskii, Rechi A. F. Kerenskogo o revoliutsii, s ocherkom V. V. Kir’iakova ‘Kerenskii kak orator’ (Petrograd: Kopeika, 1917), p. 50.
4 4. V. B. Zhilinskii, ‘Organizatsiia i zhizn’ okhrannogo otdeleniia vo vremena tsarskoi vlasti’, Golos minuvshego, nos. 9/10 (1917): 255.
5 5. O. L-v, ‘A. C. [sic] Kerenskii pod nabliudeniem okhranki’, Novaia zhizn’, 20 April 1917. The author of this publication may have been O. L. Leonidov, who is mentioned in the text. See also ‘Tsarskaia okhranka ob A. F. Kerenskom’, Petrogradskaia gazeta, 27 June 1917.
6 6. A file of documentation relating to Kerensky was found in Saratov (he was elected to the State Duma as a representative of Saratov province). Zhivoe slovo, 12 March 1917.
7 7. Here and hereafter the figures for print runs are taken from Knizhnaia letopis’ for 1917.
8 8. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii) (Petrograd: Tsentral’nyi komitet Trudovoi gruppy, 1917), p. 3.
9 9. Rechi A. F. Kerenskogo (Kiev: Blago naroda, 1917), pp. iii–iv.
10 10. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii: Ego zhizn’, politicheskaia deiatel’nost’ i rechi (Petrograd: Petrogradskii listok, 1917).
11 11. Vasilii Kir’iakov, Zapiski deputata 2-i Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (St Petersburg: Vernyi put’, [1907]).
12 12. Rafail Ganelin, Rossiia i SShA, 1914–1917: Ocherki istorii russkoamerikanskikh otnoshenii (Leningrad: Nauka, 1969), p. 371.
13 13. Vasilii Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917): 287–8; no. 20 (1917): 294–7.
14 14. Kir’iakov, Niva, no. 20, p. 294.
15 15. Ibid., p. 287; V–i V. [Vasilii Vasil’evich Kir’iakov], A. F. Kerenskii (Petrograd, 1917), p. 3.
16 16. Ibid., p. 36.
17 17. Ibid., p. 35.
18 18. Ibid., p. 16.
19 19. Vasilii Kir’iakov, Dedushka i babushka russkoi revoliutsii: N. V. Chaikovskii i E. K. Breshko-Breshkovskaia (Petrograd: Novaia Rossiia, 1917).
20 20. Oleg Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii (Moscow: Koshnitsa, 1917). Leonidov continued to publish popular biographies of political and military figures in the Soviet period. See [Oleg Leonidov], Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov: Zhizn’ i boevaia rabota, ed. Sergei Orlovskii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe voennoe izdatel’stvo, 1925); M. V. Frunze: Biografiia (Moscow: Ogonek, 1925); S. M. Budennyi, vozhd’ krasnoi konnitsy: Materialy dlia biografii S. M. Budennogo i istorii I Konnoi armii (Leningrad: Gubkompom, 1925); etc. Leonidov also wrote screenplays on themes from the history of the revolution, for example, Moskva v Oktiabre (Bor’ba i pobeda) (1927). Other screenplays were Deti kapitana Granta (1936) and Ostrov sokrovishch [Treasure Island] (1937).
21 21. Oleg Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, 2nd, supplemented edition (Moscow: Koshnitsa, 1917), pp. 5–6, 17.
22 22. Ibid., pp. 31, 32.
23 23. Ibid., pp. 4–5.
24 24. Ibid., pp. 8, 16, 31.
25 25. Ibid., pp. 3, 24, 25, 26.
26 26. E. V[ladimirovi]–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr (Odessa: Vlast’ naroda, 1917).
27 27. Ibid., p. 3.
28 28. The only other studies to appear were of Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Brusilov and Kropotkin. See Russkie portrety, 1917–1918 gg., ed. Mikhail Fleer (Petersburg: GIZ, 1921), pp. 6, 7, 25.
29 29. Tan (Vladimir Bogoraz), ‘A. F. Kerenskii: Liubov’ russkoi revoliutsii’, Geroi dnia: Biograficheskie etiudy. Obshchestvenno-politicheskii ezhenedel’nik (Petrograd), no. 1 (1917), pp. 2–4.
30 30. Ibid., pp. 2, 4.
31 31. Ibid., p. 2.
32 32. Ibid., pp. 3, 4.
33 33. The July Crisis, or ‘July Days’ of 3–5 July, after the failure of the June Offensive against Austria and Germany and the resignation from the Provisional Government of the Constitutional Democrats, was a period of left extremist demonstrations demanding disbandment of the Provisional Government and the transfer of all power to the soviets of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies. When the attempted coup failed, the Bolshevik leaders, Lenin and Zinoviev, went into hiding. [Trans.]
34 34. V. Vysotskii, Aleksandr Kerenskii (Moscow: Tipografiia tovarishchestva Riabushinskikh, 1917), p. 21.
35 35. Ibid., pp. 9–10, 31.
36 36. Ibid., pp. 7, 11, 18, 19, 20.
37 37. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
38 38. Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov: Dokumenty i materialy, 3 vols, ed. Nikolai Erofeev (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), vol. 3, part 1: ‘February–October 1917’, pp. 331, 333, 724.
39 39. Lidiia Armand, Kerenskii (Petrograd: [Kopeika], 1917), p. 4.
40 40. Ibid., pp. 3, 15.
41 41. Ibid., pp. 8, 13, 14.
42 42. Ibid., p. 8.
43 43. Vasilii Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 287; V–i V., A. F. Kerenskii, p. 4.
44 44. Kir’iakov, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 287.
45 45. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 4.
46 46. V–i V., A. F. Kerenskii, p. 4. Kerensky himself subsequently wrote about these childhood impressions in The Kerensky Memoirs: Russia and History’s Turning Point (London: Cassell, 1966), p. 4. ‘N. Lenin’ was the pseudonym of Vladimir Ul’ianov.
47 47. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, p. 3.
48 48. Tan, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, p. 2; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, pp. 4–5.
49 49. F. M. Kerensky’s autobiographies are preserved in several archives: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv [RGIA, the Russian State Historical Archive], fond 733, opis’ 225, delo 203, listy 19–22 ob.; and Rukopisnyi otdel Instituta russkoi literatury [the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature], fond 274, opis’ 1, delo 398, list 145.
50 50. Photographs of Kerensky as a child with his mother were published in a number of booklets and magazines: Solntse Rossii, no. 368 (10) (1917), p. 3; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 4.
51 51. Foreign diplomats believed she was Jewish. See George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (London: Cassell, 1923), vol. 2, p. 64.
52 52. On how anti-Semites viewed Kerenskii, see Kolonitskii, ‘Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii kak “zhertva evreev” i “evrei”’, in Jews and Slavs, vol. 17: The Russian Word in the Land of Israel, the Jewish Word in Russia (Jerusalem, 2006), pp. 241–53.
53 53. Solntse Rossii, no. 368 (10) (1917), p. 4; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 9.
54 54. Tan, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, p. 2.
55 55. Narodnaia gazeta, 15 July 1917.
56 56. Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 288.
57 57. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 17.
58 58. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 5.
59 59. Tan, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, p. 2; Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 288.
60 60. Solntse Rossii, no. 368 (10) (1917), p. 4. In 1917 the boys were aged twelve and nine.
61 61. Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 288. Another writer also claimed that Kerenskii became an SR while still a student. See E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 5.
62 62. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), p. 5; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 47–50.
63 63. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 5.
64 64. Edinstvo, 6 May 1917.
65 65. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), pp. 5–6; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 71–2; Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty (London: Barker, 1934), pp. 114–19; Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987), pp. 21–35.
66 66. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 5.
67 67. ‘Novyi voennyi i morskoi ministr’, Russkii invalid, 5 May 1917.
68 68. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, p. 8.
69 69. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 6.
70 70. Kerenskii, Rechi A. F. Kerenskogo o revoliutsii, s ocherkom V. V. Kir’iakova ‘Kerenskii kak orator’, p. 7.
71 71. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 39–40; Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty, p. 121; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 74–5.
72 72. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 7. See also Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 289.
73 73. Tan, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, p. 2.
74 74. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, pp. 3, 9.
75 75. Vasilii Maklakov, Iz vospominanii (New York: Chekhov, 1954), p. 266. Jörg Baberowski suggests that all political defence lawyers used court hearings to make political speeches, Maklakov included. See Baberowski, Autokratie und Justiz: Zum Verhältnis von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Rückständigkeit im ausgehenden Zarenreich 1864–1914 (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1996), pp. 577–8.
76 76. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, pp. 10–11. Kerenskii’s Odessan biographer wrote about him in similar terms. See E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 7.
77 77. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 76–80.
78 78. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, pp. 11–12.
79 79. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, pp. 7–8.
80 80. Armand, Kerenskii, p. 3.
81 81. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiikoi Federatsii [GARF, the State Archive of the Russian Federation], fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 242, listy 42–3; delo 244, listy 4–5.
82 82. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP (bol’shevikov), avgust 1917 goda: Protokoly (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1958), p. 30.
83 83. Armand, Kerenskii, pp. 3–4.
84 84. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, p. 14.
85 85. For this purpose, Kerenskii had to ‘acquire’ a small house in the town. The transaction was fictitious, although Kir’iakov insists that the election was ‘strictly within the law’. Kerenskii described himself in the application form as a ‘property owner of the town of Vol’sk’ and was then elected as a representative of Saratov province at the provincial electoral assembly. See Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 56–7; Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 289; RGIA, fond 1278, opis’ 9, delo 341, list 1. The most thorough study of Kerenskii’s activities in the Duma is Stanislav Tiutiukin, Aleksandr Kerenskii: Stranitsy politicheskoi biografii (1905–1917 gg.) (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2012), pp. 38–106.
86 86. Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 19 (1917), p. 289; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 8.
87 87. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, p. 3.
88 88. Armand, Kerenskii, p. 5; Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), p. 3.
89 89. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, pp. 8–9, 10. ‘That is how it was, and that is how it will be!’ was the utterance of Interior Minister Aleksandr Makarov in respect of the Lena goldfields massacre. It caused widespread public outrage.
90 90. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, p. 9.
91 91. Armand, Kerenskii, pp. 4–5.
92 92. ‘Doneseniia L. K. Kumanina iz ministerskogo pavil’ona Gosudarstvennoi Dumy, dekabr’ 1911–fevral’ 1917 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 1 (2000), pp. 12–13; no. 3 (2000), p. 4.
93 93. Rashel’ Khin-Gol’dovskaia, ‘Iz dnevnikov 1913–1917’, Minuvshee: Istoricheskii al’manakh (St Petersburg), vyp. 21 (1997), p. 576.
94 94. Armand, Kerenskii, p. 4.
95 95. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), pp. 38, 39.
96 96. Nikolai Tagantsev, ‘Iz moikh vospominanii (Detstvo. Iunost’)’, in 1917 god v sud’bakh Rossii i mira: Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia (Ot novykh istochnikov k novomu osmysleniiu) (Moscow: Institut rossiiskoi istorii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, IRI RAN, 1997), p. 246.
97 97. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, p. 5.
98 98. Kerenskii was a delegate representing the Vol’sk Association of Ledger Clerks. He proposed himself for membership and confirmed in writing his willingness to pay the membership fee. See Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Saratovskoi oblasti, fond 53, opis’ 1 (1913), delo 3, list 202–202 ob.
99 99. Pravye partii: Dokumenty i materialy, ed. Iu. I. Kir’ianov, vol. 2: (1911–1917) (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), pp. 349–50.
100 100. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), p. 9; Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty, p. 163; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 52, 64.
101 101. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), p. 11; Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty, pp 173–4.
102 102. In memoirs and the research literature this organization is often described as Masonic, and Kerenskii himself described it as such. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 88–91. The Great Orient of the Peoples of Russia did not, however, resemble the majority of Masonic lodges: there were virtually no mystical rituals, and little time was devoted to discussing problems of moral philosophy. The association was an elite, non-partisan society striving to overthrow the system of monarchy.
103 103. Nathan Smith, ‘Political Freemasonry in Russia, 1906–1918: A Discussion of the Sources’, Russian Review, 44/2 (1985), p. 158.
104 104. ‘Zapis’ besedy s A.Ia. Gal’pernom, 1928 g.’, in Boris Nikolaevskii, Russkie masony i revoliutsiia (Moscow: Terra, 1990), p. 74.
105 105. Russkii invalid, 24 May 1917.
106 106. RGIA, fond 1278, opis’ 5, delo 442, listy 4–99 ob.
107 107. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 68–9, 72.
108 108. ‘Kerenskii o kanune Fevralia’, Vozrozhdenie, 22 April 1932. Kerenskii even later claimed the left-wing parties had not wanted a revolution during the war and that the insurgency had been provoked by the autocracy. This is at variance with reality. In offering this interpretation, conspiracy-based and with the benefit of hindsight, he was evidently seeking to present himself as having been a moderate politician.
109 109. Gazeta-kopeika, 27 July 1914.
110 110. Pervyi Vserossiiskii s”ezd Sovetov, ed. Veniamin Rakhmetov (Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1930), vol. 1, p. 80.
111 111. When the renowned ‘hunter of agents provocateurs’ Vladimir Burtsev, a convinced defencist, was arrested in 1914, he chose not to avail himself of Kerensky’s legal services, considering him an opponent of the war. This reputation became firmly attached and he found himself a hostage to it. See Vladimir Burtsev, ‘Vospominaniia’, Novyi zhurnal [New York], no. 69 (1962), pp. 181–2.
112 112. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 76–9; Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), pp. 46, 62–6, 101–3, 106, 202, 224, 236; Vladimir Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 1914–1919 gg. (Leningrad: Priboi, 1926), p. 13.
113 113. Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries, p. 221.
114 114. Aleksei Badaev, Bol’sheviki v Gosudarstvennoi dume: Bol’shevistskaia fraktsiia IV Gosudarstvennoi dumy i revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Peterburge. Vospominaniia (Moscow and Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1930), pp. 384, 405; 131; Grigorii Aronson, Rossiia v epokhu revoliutsii: Istoricheskie etiudy i memuary (New York: [self-published], 1966), pp. 19–20; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 83–5; Tiutiukin, Aleksandr Kerenskii, pp. 74–6.
115 115. Pravye partii: Dokumenty i materialy, vol. 2, p. 473.
116 116. Golos soldata, 6 May 1917; Edinstvo, 6 May 1917.
117 117. ‘Tsarskaia okhranka ob A. F. Kerenskom’, Petrogradskaia gazeta, 27 June 1917; Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), pp. 11–25; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, pp. 13–14; Vladimir Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, Novyi zhurnal [New York], vol. 34 (1953), p. 190; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 81–3, 90–1, 94, 100, 404; Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries, pp. 62–6, 84–5, 89, 101–6, 303–4. The report by the director of the police department was published: see ‘A. F. Kerenskii v bor’be za Uchreditel’noe sobranie v 1915 g.’, Golos minuvshego, nos. 10–12 (1918), p. 236.
118 118. Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries, pp. 106, 303–4.
119 119. Vladimir Lenin (Ul’ianov), Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 55 vols (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1967–81), vol. 49 (1970), pp. 148–9.
120 120. Ivan Stepanov, ‘O Moskovskom soveshchanii’, Spartak, no. 6 (1917), pp. 11, 12. The Bol’shevik Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov is mentioned in research as having been a Freemason. See Vitalii Startsev, Tainy russkikh masonov (St Petersburg: D.A.R.K., 2004), pp. 119–21.
121 121. Mark Vishniak, Dan’ proshlomu (New York: Chekhov, 1954), p. 240.
122 122. See Kornelii Shatsillo, ‘“Delo” polkovnika Miasoedova’, Voprosy istorii, no. 4 (1967), pp. 103–16; William C. Fuller, Jr, The Foe Within: Fantasies of Treason and the End of Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).
123 123. RGIA, fond 1405, opis’ 539, delo 773, listy 2–2 ob. The real author of the letter was a feature writer, Dmitrii Filosofov. See his ‘Dnevnik (1917–1918)’, Zvezda, no. 1 (1992), pp. 189–205; no. 2, pp. 188–204; no. 3, pp. 147–66.
124 124. RGIA, fond 1405, opis’ 539, delo 773, listy 1–1 ob.; Valerii Karrik, ‘Voina i revoliutsiia: Zapiski, 1914–1917 gg.’, Golos minuvshego, nos 4–6 (1918), pp. 14–15.
125 125. RGIA, fond 1405, opis’ 530, delo 1127, listy 3–3 ob. The letter was used in a leaflet issued by the Petersburg Committee of Bolsheviks. See Aleksandr Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda: Semnadtsatyi god, 3 vols (Moscow: Politizdat, 1992), vol. 1, p. 168. See also: Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii i na flote v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914 – fevral’ 1917): Sb. dokumentov, ed. Arkadii Sidorov (Moscow: Nauka, 1966), p. 183.
126 126. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), pp. 14–16; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 86–7.
127 127. See Boris Kolonitskii, ‘Tragicheskaia erotika’: Obrazy imperatorskoi sem’i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010).
128 128. Gosudarstvennaia duma. Chetvertyi sozyv. Stenograficheskie otchety. Sessiia chetvertaia (Petrograd: Gosudarstvennaia tipografiia, 1915–16), p. 110.
129 129. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, p. 15.
130 130. On this expedition, see ‘Turkestan i Gosudarstvennaia duma Rossiiskoi imperii: Dokumenty TSGA Respubliki Uzbekistan, 1915–1916 gg.’, publication by Tat’iana Kotiukova, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 3 (2003), pp. 126–36. On Kerensky’s speech to the Duma about the results of his expedition, see ‘“Takoe upravlenie gosudarstvom – nedopustimo”: Doklad A. F. Kerenskogo na zakrytom zasedanii Gosudarstvennoi dumy, dekabr’ 1916 g.’, publication by Dinara Amanzholova, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 2 (1997), pp. 4–22. See also: Vosstanie 1916 goda v Turkestane: Dokumental’nye svidetel’stva obshchei tragedii (Sb. dokumentov i materialov), ed. Tat’iana Kotiukova (Moscow: Mardzhani, 2016).
131 131. Narodnaia niva (Helsingfors), 6 (19) May 1917.
132 132. Leonidov, Vozhd’ svobody A. F. Kerenskii, p. 16.
133 133. GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 391. Letters and telegrams from various correspondents to A. F. Kerenskii expressing sympathy in connection with his illness.
134 134. Ibid., listy 7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26a, 29–29 ob., etc.
135 135. Among the officers was Captain Mikhail Murav’ev, who later became an organizer of shock battalions and subsequently commanded Soviet detachments which in autumn 1917 fought Kerenskii’s troops. On one occasion Kerensky’s friend Count Pavel Tolstoi came to see him, on behalf of Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich, to ask how the workers might react to the coronation of the emperor’s brother. See Sergei Mel’gunov, Na putiakh k dvortsovomu perevorotu (Zagovory pered revoliutsiei 1917 goda) (Paris: Rodnik, 1931), pp. 197, 208–9; Alexander F. Kerensky, The Catastrophe: Kerensky’s own Story of the Russian Revolution (New York: Appleton, 1927), pp. 101–2; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 147, 149–51; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 89, 99–100, 117–19.
136 136. Letter from Vasilii Maklakov to Aleksandr Kerenskii, 3 June 1951, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Archives, A. F. Kerensky Papers, box 1. Vladimir Stankevich met Kerenskii in January 1917 at a meeting of an ‘intimate circle’, which might mean a Masonic lodge, although Stankevich is not usually written of as being a Freemason. The question of a court coup was being discussed there. See Vladimir Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 1914–1919 gg. (Leningrad: Priboi, 1926), p. 30; Stankevich, Piat’ nenuzhnykh let: Vospominaniia odnogo iz vinovnikov voiny (1914–1919), Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Archives, B. I. Nikolaevsky Collection, box 122, sheet 39.
137 137. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, pp. 123–4.
138 138. Lenin (Ul’ianov), Vladimir Il”ich, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th edn (Moscow: Politizdat, 1960–81), vol. 30 (1969), pp. 243, 341.
139 139. ‘Privetstvie sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov A. F. Kerenskomu’, Novoe vremia, 5 March 1917.
140 140. Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 20 (1917), p. 296; E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 11.
141 141. Aleksandr Kerenskii, Prorocheskie slova A. F. Kerenskogo, proiznesennye 19 iiulia 1915 goda v Gosudarstvennoi dume (Petrograd: Broshiura, 1917).
142 142. Kerenskii, Rechi A. F. Kerenskogo o revoliutsii, p. 3.
143 143. Ibid., pp. 13–48; Kerensky, The Catastrophe, p. 104; Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries, p. 217; Vladimir Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’: Moi sovremenniki (Paris: YMCA Press, 1988), p. 511.The government did indeed try to bring Kerenskii to trial, for which it required the full text of his speech. The Duma chairman, however, had had it excised from the official record. Rodzianko came to the deputy’s defence, and the Duma resolved that the version approved for printing by the Duma chairman should be considered the verbatim account and that the version typed up from shorthand notes should be considered only raw material for compiling the record. Accordingly, the typed-up notes of the shorthand typist could not be handed over on demand to a government ministry. Only the judiciary had authority to require such information. See Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 187; ‘Doneseniia L. K. Kumanina iz Ministerskogo pavil’ona Gosudarstvennoi Dumy, dekabr’ 1911–fevral’ 1917 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 6 (2000), p. 21.
144 144. Kir’iakov, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, Niva, no. 20 (1917), p. 296.
145 145. ‘Perepiska pravykh i drugie materialy ob ikh deiatel’nosti v 1914–1917 godakh’, Voprosy istorii, no. 10 (1996), p. 122.
146 146. ‘K istorii poslednikh dnei tsarskogo rezhima (1916–1917 gg.)’, publication by Petr Sadikov, Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 1 (14) (1926), p. 246; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, p. 123.
147 147. Boris Sokoloff, The White Nights: Pages from a Russian Doctor’s Notebook (London: Holborn, 1956), pp. 7–8.
148 148. Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Po materialam Departamenta politsii), p. 20; Nikolai Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii (Berlin: Grzhebin, 1922), kn. 1, pp. 63, 69.
149 149. Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, Novyi zhurnal [New York], kn. 34 (1953), pp. 196–8.
150 150. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 189.
151 151. M. Merzon, ‘A. F. Kerenskii v Moskve’, Nizhegorodskii listok, 1 June 1917.
152 152. Sergei Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda (Paris: Veche, 1961), p. 20; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, p. 210; Aleksandr Kerenskii, ‘“Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia”: Protokol oprosa’, Orion: Literaturno-khudozhestvennyi ezhemesiachnik [Tiflis], no. 2 (1919), pp. 61–2; Il’ia Iurenev (Konstantin Krotovskii), ‘“Mezhraionka” (1911–1917 gg.)’, Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 2 (25) (1924), pp. 136–8; Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 6–7. Meetings between legal and illegal political figures had been held earlier, in late January and early February, in the apartments of Nikolai Sokolov, Aleksandr Gal’pern and Kerenskii, who were the principal organizers of these meetings. Boris Nikolaevskii writes about the ‘Sokolov–Kerenskii–Gal’pern group’. Boris Nikolaevskii, ‘Iz istorii Fevral’skoi revoliutsii’, Novoe russkoe slovo, 5 May 1957.
153 153. Vladimir Obolenskii, a Constitutional Democrat and Freemason close to Kerenskii, recalled that the latter had also underestimated the scale of the movement and expected the unrest to be suppressed. Obolenskii, Moia zhizn’, p. 510.
154 154. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 189.
155 155. Basil Gourko, War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–1917 (New York: Macmillan, 1919), pp. 331–2.
156 156. On 26 February, Kerenskii learned of the mutiny of the 4th Company of the Pavlovsky Guards Regiment, and even reported to the deputies of the Duma that the entire regiment had mutinied. Vladimir Cherniaev, ‘Vosstanie Pavlovskogo polka 26 fevralia 1917 g.’, Rabochii klass Rossii, ego soiuzniki i politicheskie protivniki v 1917 godu: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov, ed. Oleg Znamenskii (Leningrad: Nauka, 1989), p. 163. This was incorrect. The company’s mutiny was isolated, and many soldiers were arrested by troops loyal to the government. News of the Pavlovsky mutiny influenced soldiers of other regiments, but on the night of 26 February Kerenskii could not have known that.
157 157. Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 1–2; Stankevich, Vospominaniia (Leningrad: Priboi, 1926), p. 36.
158 158. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 195.
159 159. 181 Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 7–8, 10–11; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 195–6.
160 160. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 195–6; Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia 1917 goda: Sb. dokumentov i materialov, ed. Ol’ga Shashkova (Moscow: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet, RGGU, 1996), p. 72; Andrei Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii: Ocherki istorii (Riazan’: Notre Dame University, 2002), pp. 24–5; Andrei Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’: IV Gosudarstvennaia duma 27 fevralia–3 marta 1917 goda (St Petersburg: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet imeni A. I. Gertsena, RGPU im. Gertsena, 2005), pp. 120–37.
161 161. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 15.
162 162. Vasilii Vodovozov, ‘Ob”iasnenie po povodu moego pis’ma k A. F. Kerenskomu’, Den’ [Petrograd], 8 March 1917.
163 163. Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, p. 26; Semion Lyandres, ‘On the Problem of “Indecisiveness” among the Duma Leaders during the February Revolution: The Imperial Decree of Prorogation and Decision to Convene the Private Meeting of February 27, 1917’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 24/1–2 (1997), pp. 115–28; ‘Chastnoe soveshchanie chlenov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy 27 fevralia 1917 [goda]’, publication by Semion Lyandres, Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte: 1997 (Berlin: Humboldt University, 1998), pp. 305–24.
164 164. Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii, pp. 47–9; Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’, pp. 176–9.
165 165. Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, p. 210; Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, p. 27; The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, 3 vols, ed. Robert P. Browder and Alexander F. Kerensky (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961), vol. 1, pp. 45–7; Aleksandr Spiridovich, Velikaia voina i Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1914–1917 gg., 3 vols (New York: Vseslavianskoe izdatel’stvo, 1960–62), vol. 3, p. 126; Eduard Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia: Vosstanie v Petrograde (Moscow: Nauka, 1967), p. 228.
166 166. Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii, pp. 48–51; Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’, pp. 181–4.
167 167. Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 14–15; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, pp. 196–7; Aleksandr Poliakov, ‘Komnata no. 10’, Novoe russkoe slovo, 23 March 1947; Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, pp. 29–30.
168 168. Aleksei Ksiunin, ‘Kak proizoshla revoliutsiia’, Novoe vremia, 5 March 1917.
169 169. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, p. 4.
170 170. Vodovozov, ‘Ob”iasnenie po povodu moego pis’ma k A. F. Kerenskomu’.
171 171. Petrogradskii Sovet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov v 1917 godu: Protokoly, stenogrammy i otchety, rezoliutsii, postanovleniia obshchikh sobranii, sobraniia sektsii, zasedaniia Ispolnitel’nogo komiteta i fraktsii, 27 fevralia–25 oktiabria 1917 goda, 5 vols, ed. Bella Gal’perina and Vitalii Startsev, vol. 1 (St Petersburg: Zvezda, 1993), p. 589.
172 172. Ivanchikov, ‘Ministr Kerenskii’, Nizhegorodskii listok, 29 April 1917.
173 173. E. V–ch, A. F. Kerenskii narodnyi ministr, p. 15.
174 174. Volia naroda, 4 May 1917.
175 175. The April Crisis arose out of disagreement over war aims between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet and led to the establishment of a coalition Provisional Government which included six socialist ministers nominated by the Soviet. [Trans.]
176 176. Soldatskaia pravda, 11 May 1917.
177 177. Anon, Syn Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii, p. 4.
178 178. Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 15–16; Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, p. 116; Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 197.
179 179. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs, p. 200; The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, vol. 1, pp. 65–6; Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’, pp. 190–201.
180 180. As a consequence of a printers’ strike a number of publications had ceased to appear, and Izvestiia Petrogradskogo Soveta rabochikh deputatov was published only from 28 February.
181 181. It is possible that Mstislavskii, a notable memoirist who took part in the revolution, is describing a conversation with Kerenskii after the arrest of Shcheglovitov, although he refers to the former head of the government, Boris Shtiurmer. ‘Kerenskii burst out laughing and, like a naughty boy, slapped his pocket, delved into it and pulled out an enormous old-fashioned door key. “That’s where I’m keeping Shtiurmer! You should have seen their ugly mugs when I locked him up … Rodzyanko nearly had a fit! He was all set to greet him as one of the family!”’ Sergei Mstislavskii, Piat’ dnei: Nachalo i konets Fevral’skoi revoliutsii (Berlin: Grzhebin, 1922), p. 24.
182 182. Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov: Dokumenty i materialy, p. 25; Zenzinov, ‘Fevral’skie dni’, p. 213.
183 183. Merzon, ‘A. F. Kerenskii v Moskve’.
184 184. Kerenskii personally wrote out an authorization on the headed notepaper of the chairman of the State Duma: ‘The Provisonal Committee delegates to member of the State Duma Kerenskii management of the ministerial pavilion where particularly important individuals are under arrest.’ Rodzyanko signed the authorization. See Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia, p. 264.
185 185. Kerensky, The Catastrophe, p. 29.
186 186. ‘Aleksandr Fedorovich Kerenskii (Shtrikhi k politicheskomu portretu)’, Gennadiy Sobolev, Aleksandr Kerenskii: Liubov’ i nenavist’ revoliutsii: dnevniki, stat’i, ocherki, vospominaniia sovremennikov (Cheboksary: Chuvashskii universitet, 1993), p. 19.
187 187. Vladimir Stankevich, Vospominaniia (1914–1919) (Berlin: Ladyzhnikov, 1920), p. 75; Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, kn. 1, p. 63; Vasilii Shul’gin, Dni. 1920: Zapiski (Moscow: Sovremennik, 1989), pp. 179, 180, 185; Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, pp. 116–17.
188 188. Ol’ga Kerenskaia, [Fragmentary reminiscences], House of Lords Record Office [London], Historical Collection, no. 206: The Stow Hill Papers, DS 2/2, Box 8, p. 4; Poliakov, ‘Komnata no. 10’; Mel’gunov, Martovskie dni 1917 goda, p. 51; Kerensky, The Catastrophe, pp. 59, 76.
189 189. Narodnyi tribun, 14 October 1917.
190 190. Den’ [Petrograd], 9 March 1917.
191 191. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii [RGASPI, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History], fond 662, opis’ 1, delo 58, list 98.
192 192. Novoe vremia, 5 March 1917.
193 193. GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 361, list 66.
194 194. RGIA, fond 1278, opis’ 5, delo 1324, list 62; fond 1405, opis’ 538, delo 177, list 51; GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 363, list 1.
195 195. GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 359, list 151; delo 361, list 17, 19; delo 363, list 13.
196 196. The Duma received some 20,000 such telegrams and letters. Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’, p. 573.
197 197. Ekaterina Gavroeva, ‘Pis’ma vo vlast’: Rabochie i M. V. Rodzianko (Mart 1917 g.)’, Revoliutsiia 1917 goda v Rossii: Novye podkhody i vzgliady: Sbornik nauchnykh statei, ed. Andrei Nikolaev (St Petersburg: Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Sankt-Peterburga [TsGIA SPb, the Central State Archive of History, St Petersburg], 2015), pp. 76–82; Gavroeva, ‘Pis’ma vo vlast’: Soldaty i M. V. Rodzianko (Mart 1917 g.)’, Peterburgskie voennoistoricheskie chteniia: Sbornik statei, ed. Andrei Nikolaev (St Petersburg: RGPU im Gertsena, 2015), pp. 112–17.
198 198. RGIA, fond 1278, opis’ 5, delo 1324, list 87.
199 199. Gavroeva, ‘Pis’ma vo vlast’: Soldaty’, p. 117.
200 200. GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 354, listy 19–22.
201 201. Russkii invalid, 8 March 1917; GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 359, list 7.
202 202. Delo naroda, 7 July 1917.
203 203. Nadezhda Krupskaia, ‘Stranichka iz istorii Rossiiskoi sotsialdemokraticheskoi partii’, Soldatskaia pravda, 13 May 1917. Quoted from Krupskaia, Izbrannye proizvedeniia (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1988), pp. 44–8; Sotsial-demokrat [Moscow], 26 May, 9 June 1917.
204 204. Saratovskii Sovet rabochikh deputatov (1917–1918): Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow and Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1931), p. 162.
205 205. RGIA, fond 1405, opis’ 538, delo 177, list 52. The text was sent no later than 22 March.
206 206. GARF, fond 1779, opis’ 1, delo 293, list 293; Russkoe slovo, 21 May 1917.
207 207. GARF, fond 1778, opis’ 1, delo 362, list 221.
208 208. RGIA, fond 1412, opis’ 16, delo 537, list 2.
209 209. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Archives, B. I. Nicolaevsky Collection, box 149, file 3, F. [Navotnyi], [Propaganda], p. 88.
210 210. GARF, fond 1807, opis’ 1, delo 354, listy 95–6.
211 211. ‘Vserossiiskii s”ezd uchitelei’, Delo naroda, 9 April 1917.
212 212. For further detail, see Kolonitskii, Simvoly vlasti i bor’ba za vlast’: K izucheniiu politicheskoi kul’tury Rossiiskoi revoliutsii 1917 goda (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2001; 2nd edn, St Petersburg: Liki Rossii, 2012).
213 213. Velikaia russkaia revoliutsiia v ocherkakh i kartinakh (Moscow: N. V. Vasil’ev, 1917), vyp. 4: ‘80-e gody. Bortsy za svobodu. Letopis’ revoliutsii’; Bortsy za svobodu (Biografii revoliutsionerov, kaznivshikh Aleksandra II) (Moscow: D. M. Kumanov, 1917); Bortsy za svobodu: [Sbornik] (Petrograd: Severnoe izdatel’stvo, 1917); Mikhail Gernet, Bortsy za svobodu v Shlissel’burgskoi kreposti (Moscow: Nachalo, 1917).
214 214. Bertliev, Borets za svobodu i chest’ naroda: Pamiati Egora Sazonova (Moscow: [Zemlia i volia?], 1917); Viacheslav Pirogov, Smert’ Egora Sazonova (Petrograd: Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov, 1917).
215 215. Kirik Levin, Pervyi borets za svobodu russkogo naroda: Zhizn’ i deiatel’nost’ A. N. Radishcheva (Moscow: Knigoizdatel’stvo E. D. Miagkogo ‘Kolokol’, 1906); Evgenii Shveder, Pervyi russkii borets za svobodu Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radishchev: Biograficheskii ocherk (Moscow: Pechatnik, 1917).
216 216. A pamphlet in the series ‘Pervye bortsy za svobodu’ was Dekabrist Mikhail Sergeevich Lunin: Ocherk ego biografii, ego zaveshchanie, pis’ma iz ssylki i politicheskie stat’i (Petrograd: Khudozhestvennaia pechatnia, 1917).
217 217. Sine-fono, nos. 11–12 (1917), pp. 26–7, 35, 97; Priboi [Helsingfors], 6 August 1917; Velikii Kinemo: Katalog sokhranivshikhsia igrovykh fil’mov Rossii, 1908–1919, ed. Veronika Ivanova et al. (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2002), pp. 364, 370.
218 218. Even the delegates of the All-Russia Congress of Cossacks paid respect to the memory of Lieutenant Schmidt by standing and singing the funeral anthem Memory Eternal. See ‘Kazachii s”ezd’, Novoe vremia, 8 June 1917. Among the delegates were some who would later be active in the White cause. On the politics of memory in Sevastopol, see Kolonitskii, ‘Pamiat’ o Pervoi rossiiskoi revoliutsii v 1917 godu (Sluchai Sevastopolia i Gel’singforsa)’, Cahiers du Monde Russe, no. 3 (48) (2007), pp. 519–37.
219 219. S”ezdy i konferentsii Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskoi partii: 1905–1920 gg., 3 vols (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), vol. 3, kn. 1, ‘1915–1917 gg.’, pp. 362, 365.
220 220. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, p. 50.
221 221. Tan, ‘A. F. Kerenskii’, p. 3.
222 222. Kolonitskii, Simvoly vlasti, pp. 222–3.
223 223. Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 5 (24) (1927), p. 209.
224 224. Aleksandr Kerenskii, ‘O pamiatnike zhertvam revoliutsii (pis’mo v redaktsiiu “Dela naroda”)’, Delo naroda, 8 April 1917. His contemporaries took great note of this initiative, and the letter was included in publications of his speeches. See, for example, Kerenskii, Rechi A. F. Kerenskogo o revoliutsii, pp. 59–60.
225 225. Dmitrii Merezhkovskii, ‘Perventsy svobody’, Niva, no. 16 (1917), pp. 230–3; no. 17, pp. 245–9; Merezhkovskii, Perventsy svobody: Istoriia vosstaniia 14-go dekabria 1825 g. (Petrograd: Narodnaia vlast’, 1917). On the meeting, see Zinaida Gippius, Siniaia kniga: Peterburgskii dnevnik, 1914–1918 (Belgrade: Radenkovich, 1929), p. 118. For evidence of Gippius’s authorship, see an early version of her ‘diary’: Gippius, Sovremennaia zapis’, OR RNB, fond 481, opis’ 1, delo 3, list 148.
226 226. ‘Zapisnye knizhki polkovnika G. A. Ivanishina’, publication by A. D. Margolis, N. K. Gerasimova and N. S. Tikhonova, Minuvshee: Istoricheskii al’manakh, (Moscow and St Petersburg), vol. 17 (1994), p. 540; Izvestiia Revel’skogo soveta rabochikh i voinskikh deputatov, 15 April 1917.
227 227. Russkii invalid, 9 May 1917.
228 228. Russkii invalid, 10 May 1917. The congress organizers themselves paid obeisance to the revolutionary tradition. The delegates visited the Field of Mars and knelt at the graves of the champions of freedom.
229 229. Krymskii vestnik [Sevastopol’], 18 May 1917; Russkii invalid, 19 May 1917; Prikazy i rechi pervogo russkogo Voennogo i Morskogo Ministra-Sotsialista A. F. Kerenskogo ([No location]: Shtab osoboi armii, 1917), pp. 32–3; A. F. Kerenskii, Ob armii i voine (Petrograd: Narodnaia volia, 1917), p. 12. There is also an Odessa publication of this title with different pagination.
230 230. Kir’iakov, Dedushka i babushka russkoi revoliutsii, p. 3.
231 231. See Babushka i vnuki (Petrograd: Narodnaia vlast’, 1917).
232 232. Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov: Dokumenty i materialy, pp. 238–9.
233 233. Volia naroda, 6 May 1917.
234 234. ‘Pomoshch’ politicheskim’, Novoe vremia, 25 March 1917.
235 235. E. Breshko-Breshkovskaia, Babushka russkoi revoliutsii, pp. 17, 42, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Archives, B. I. Nicolaevsky Collection, box 87, folder 1.
236 236. E. Breshkovskaia, ‘1917-i god’, Novyi zhurnal [New York], vol. 38 (1954), p. 197; Abraham, Alexander Kerensky, p. 244.
237 237. Revel’skoe slovo, 15 April 1917.
238 238. Katerina Breshkovskaia, Hidden Springs of the Russian Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931), p. 347. A photograph of Breshko-Breshkovskaia has survived in Vladimir Zenzinov’s archive, with an inscription which gives us a clear impression of the attitude of the grandmother of the Russian Revolution towards her political grandson. ‘To Alexander Kerensky. You see, I have kept you, whom I fervently love. So that my eye can see how my dear grandson is getting along in life and invariably doing good work. How often I hear him sigh, both because his work is so hard and when he thinks of the suffering his people must bear. May my dear one sense that I share his thinking and gaze far ahead into the future. And that to you, my friend, I bequeath my last sigh, a sigh of the hope and love which always inspired me. Your Gran, Kate Breshkovskaia.’ The inscription is dated 21 February 1921, and has a note added at the end: ‘Always with you, always on your side.’ See Columbia University Library, Bakhmetieff Archive, Zenzinov Papers, box 3. Breshko-Breshkovskaia called Kerensky’s children her grandchildren (communicated to the author by Kerensky’s grandson, Stephen Kerensky).
239 239. Breshko-Breshkovskaia, Babushka russkoi revoliutsii, p. 45.
240 240. Volia naroda, 8 June 1917.
241 241. Volia naroda, 5 September 1917.
