Читать книгу Survival Japanese - Boye Lafayette De Mente - Страница 6
ОглавлениеPART ONE
Key Words
I watashi (wah-tah-she) わたし̶ Used by both males and females in formal situations.
watakushi (wah-tock-she) わたくし̶ More formal than watashi.
boku (boe-kuu) ぼく̶ Used by boys and men in informal situations.
ore (oh-ray) おれ̶ A ‘rough’ term used by males in informal situations.
washi (wah-she) わし̶ Sometimes used by elderly men in informal situations.
atashi (ah-tah-she) あたし̶ Mainly used by girls and women in informal situations.
NOTE : When talking about oneself, these terms are normally followed by wa (は topic marker), as in watashi-wa amerika-jin-desu (wah-tah-she wah ah-may-ree-kah-jeen dess) わたしはアメリカじんです “I am American.”
me Any of the above terms used in the objective sense, in which case they are usually used with o (oh) (を direct object marker) or ni (nee) (に indirect object marker). For example,
watashi-o shookai-shimashita (wah-tah-she oh show-kie she-mah-sshtah) わたしを しょうかいしました “(Someone) introduced me (to someone else).”
watashi-ni shookai-shimashita (wah-tah-she nee show-kie she-mah-sshtah) わたしに しょうかいしました “(Someone) introduced (someone else) to me.”
my Any of the above “I” words followed by no (no)(の possessive marker). “My book,” for example, is watashi-no hon (wah-tah-she no hoan) わたしの ほん, boku-no hon (boe-kuu no hoan) ぼくの ほん, and so forth.
mine Any of the above “I” words with no (no) の alone, i.e. watashi-no (wah-tah-she-no) わたしの, boku-no (boekuu no) ぼくの, and so forth.
we The “we” concept is formed by adding tachi (tah-chee) たち to any of the above forms of “I,” i.e.: watashi-tachi (wah-tah-she-tah-chee) わたしたち, boku-tachi (boe-kuu-tah-chee) ぼくたち, and so forth.
you anata (ah-nah-tah) あなた̶ Used by both males and females when addressing a stranger, or by women when addressing their husbands. In the latter case,
anata is the equivalent of “dear.”
kimi (kee-me) きみ̶Used by males when addressing females in informal situations.
anta (ahn-tah) あんた̶ Used by both males and females in informal situations.
omae (o-mah-eh) おまえ̶ A ‘rough’ term used by males in informal situations.
NOTE: The plural of “you” is formed by adding the suffix gata (gah-tah) がた, which is polite, or tachi (tah-chee) たち, which is less formal: anata-gata (ah-nah-tah-gah-tah) あなたがた, anata-tachi (ah-nah-tah-tah-chee) あなたたち.
In Japanese, “you” is hardly ever used unless the speaker doesn’t know the listener’s name. Otherwise, his/her name is used to address the listener, as in kore-wa tomu-san-no-desu-ka (koe-ray wah toe-moo-sahn no dess kah) これはトムさんのですか “Is this yours, Tom?”
he ano hito (ah-no-he-toe) あのひと, or more polite, ano kata (ah-no-kah-tah) あのかた, both of which literally mean “that person.”
kare (kah-ray) かれ̶ Sometimes used by both males and females in informal situations. It can also mean “boyfriend.”
she ano hito (ah-no-he-toe) あのひと, or more polite, ano kata (ah-no-kah-tah) あのかた.
kanojo (kah-no-joe) かのじょ̶ Sometimes used by both males and females in informal situations. It can also mean “girlfriend.”
they ano kata-gata (ah-no-kah-tah-gah-tah) あのかたがた, which is polite, or ano hito-tachi (ah-no-he-toe-tah-chee) あのひとたち, which is less polite.
In conversation, “he,” “she” and “they” are frequently not used. The practice is to use the name of the individual concerned in order to be more specific and personal. It is also common practice to leave out “I” and “you” when the meaning is clear from the context, often subsuming the meaning in the verb form used. For example, “are you going?” is often just expressed as ikimasu-ka (ee-kee-mahss kah) いきますか, which technically means “going?” with the “you” understood. The usual answer would be ikimasu (ee-kee-mahss) いきます “going,” meaning, of course, “I am going.”
who donata (doe-nah-tah) どなた, or less formal, dare (dah-ray) だれ.
When used as the subject, the “who” words are followed by ga (gah) (が subject marker), as in dare-ga ikimasu-ka (dah-ray-gah ee-kee-mahss kah) だれが いきますか “Who is going?”
what nani (nah-nee) なに often shortened to nan (nahn) なん before certain sounds.
when Itsu (eet-sue) いつ
where doko (doe-koe) どこ
why naze (nah-zay) なぜ, also dooshite (doe-ssh-tay) どうして
how doo (doh) どう
yes hai (hie) はい, also ee (eh-eh) ええ, which is less formal.
Hai (or ee) is quite often used in the sense of “yes, I hear you” or “yes, I’m listening” in conversation, particularly when talking on the phone. Bear in mind that this use of hai (or ee) does not mean “you are right” or “I agree with you.”
no iie (ee-eh) いいえ, also ie (e-eh) いえ, which is less formal.
Iie (or ie) is used more often to mean “no” than hai (or ee) is to mean “yes.” However, Japanese do not like to say “no” outright unless the situation is informal or they are answering a simple yes-no question, such as “Do you know Mr. Smith?” Especially in business they usually couch the concept in more subtle forms and try to avoid saying “no.”
Here are some commonly used verbs, presented first in the dictionary form (i.e. the plain non-past affirmative form, which you can find in a dictionary), then in the stem form, the te-form (a sort of present participle), and the nai-form (i.e. the plain non-past negative form). There are two tenses in Japanese, namely, the non-past tense, which corresponds to the English present and future tenses, and the past tense. The following table shows how to conjugate verbs:
For example,
buy kau (kah-uu) かう, kai (kie) かい, katte (kot-tay) かって, kawanai (kah-wah-nie) かわない, kaimasu (kie-mahss) かいます “buy / will buy.” kaimasen (kie-mah-sen) かいません “do not buy / will not buy.”
kaimashita (kie-mah-sshtah) かいました “bought.” kaimasendeshita (kie-mah-sen desh-tah) かいませんでした “did not buy.”
kaitai-desu (kie-tie dess) かいたいです “want to buy.”
kaitakunai-desu (kie-tah-kuu-nie dess) かいたくないです “do not want to buy.”
katte kudasai (kot-tay kuu-dah-sie) かってください “please buy.”
kawanaide kudasai (kah-wah-nie day kuu-dah-sie) かわないでください “please do not buy.”
Note that the subject (I, you, he, she, we or they) is usually omitted when it is easily understood from the context. To change them to the interrogative form, simply add ka (kah) (か question marker) to the end (e.g. kaimasu-ka (kiemahss kah) かいますか “buy?”, kaimashita-ka (kie-mahsshtah kah) かいましたか “bought?”).
come kuru (kuu-rue) くる, ki (kee) き, kite (kee-tay) きて, konai (koe-nie) こない.
drink nomu (no-muu) のむ, nomi (no-me) のみ, nonde (noan-day) のんで, nomanai (no-mah-nie) のまない.
eat taberu (tah-bay-rue) たべる, tabe (tah-bay) たべ, tabete (tah-bay-tay) たべて, tabenai (tah-bay-nie) たべない.
forget wasureru (wah-sue-ray-rue) わすれる, wasure (wah-sue-ray) わすれ, wasurete (wah-sue-ray-tay) わすれて, wasurenai (wah-sue-ray-nie) わすれない.
give (to someone)
ageru (ah-gay-rue) あげる, age (ah-gay) あげ, agete (ah-gay-tay) あげて, agenai (ah-gay-nie) あげない.
give (to me)
kureru (kuu-ray-rue) くれる, kure (kuu-ray) くれ, kurete (kuu-ray-tay) くれて, kurenai (kuu-ray-nie) くれない.
Note that “please give me” is simply kudasai (kuu-dah-sie) ください, not kurete kudasai (kuu-ray-tay kuu-dah-sie) くれてく ださい.
go iku (ee-koo) いく, iki (ee-kee) いき, itte (eet-tay) いって, ikanai (ee-kah-nie) いかない.
hear kiku (kee-koo) きく, kiki (kee-kee) きき, kiite (kee-tay) きいて, kikanai (kee-kah-nie) きかない.
have motsu (moe-t’se) もつ, mochi (moe-chee) もち, motte (moat-tay) もって, motanai (moe-tah-nie) もたない.
Note that, instead of the stem form, motte-i (もってい te-form + i い) is used in the non-past and past forms (e.g. motteimasu (moat-tay ee-mahss) もっています “have,” motte-imasen (moat-tay ee-mah-sen) もっていません “do not have”).
know shiru (she-rue) しる, shiri (she-ree) しり, shitte (ssh-tay) しって, shiranai (she-rah-nie) しらない.
Note that in the affirmative forms shitte-i (しってい te-form + i い) replaces the stem form, with the exception of the desiderative form (e.g. shitte-imasu? (ssh-tay-ee-mahss) しっています “know,” shitte-imashita (ssh-tay-ee-mah-sshtah) しっていました “knew,” but shiritaidesu (she-ree-tie-dess) しりたいです “want to know”).
read yomu (yoe-muu) よむ, yomi (yoe-me) よみ, yonde (yoan-day) よんで, yomanai (yoe-mah-nie) よまない.
return (go/come back) kaeru (kah-eh-rue) かえる, kaeri (kah-eh-ree) かえり, kaette (kah-eh’t-tay) かえって, kaeranai (kah-eh-rah-nie) かえらない.
say iu (yuu) いう, ii (ee) いい, itte (eet-tay) いって, iwanai (e-wah-nie) いわない.
see (someone)
au (a-uu) あう, ai (ai) あい, atte (at-tay) あって, awanai (ah-wah-nie) あわない.
see (something)
miru (me-rue) みる, mi (me) み, mite (me-tay) みて, minai (me-nie) みない.
sleep neru (ney-rue) ねる, ne (ney) ね, nete (nay-tay) ねて, nenai (nay-nie) ねない.
speak hanasu (hah-nah-sue) はなす, hanashi (hah-nah-ssh) はなし, hanashite (hah-nah-sshtay) はなして, hanasanai (hah-nah-sah-nie) はなさない.
understand
wakaru (wah-kah-rue) わかる, wakari (wah-kah-ree) わかり, wakatte (wah-kot-tay) わかって, wakaranai (wah-kah-rah-nie) わからない.
walk aruku (ah-rue-kuu) あるく, aruki (ah-rue-kee) あるき, aruite (ah-rue-ee-tay) あるいて, arukanai (ah-rue-kah-nie) あるかない.
wait matsu (mah-t’sue) まつ, machi (mah-chee) まち, matte (maht-tay) まって, matanai (mah-tah-nie) またない.
write kaku (kah-kuu) かく, kaki (kah-kee) かき, kaite (kie-tay) かいて, kakanai (kah-kah-nie) かかない.
Common Phrases
Do you speak English?
Eego-o hanashimasu-ka.
(Aa-go oh hah-nah-she-mahss kah)
えいごを はなしますか。
Note that the Japanese full stop is a small circle, which is used whether the sentence is a statement or a question.
I can speak a little Japanese.
Nihongo-ga sukoshi hanasemasu.
(Nee-hoan-go gah suu-koe-she hah-nah-say-mahss)
にほんごが すこし はなせます。
I don’t understand.
Wakarimasen. わかりません。
(Wah-kah-ree-mah-sen)
Please say it again.
Moo ichido itte kudasai.
(Moe ee-chee-doe eet-tay kuu-dah-sie)
もういちど いって ください。
Please speak more slowly.
Moo sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai.
(Moe suu-koe-shee yuke-kuu-ree hah-nah-sshtay kuu-dah-sie)
もうすこし ゆっくり はなして ください。
I understand.
Wakarimashita. わかりました。
(Wah-kah-ree-mah-sshtah)
Note the change in the tense.
Do you understand?
Wakarimashita-ka.
(Wah-kah-ree-mah-sshtah kah)
わかりましたか。
I want to study Japanese.
Nihongo-o benkyoo-shitai-desu.
(Nee-hoan-go oh bane-k’yoe she-tie dess)
にほんごを べんきょう したいです。
Please speak in Japanese.
Nihongo-de hanashite kudasai.
(Nee-hoan-go day hah-nah-sshtay kuu-dah-sie)
にほんごで はなして ください。
Is it all right?
Ii-desu-ka.
(ee-dess-kah)
いいですか。
It’s OK.
Daijoobu-desu.
(Die-joe-buu dess)
だいじょうぶです。
Please.
Onegai-shimasu.
おねがいします。
(Oh-nay-guy-she-mahss)
It doesn’t matter. / I don’t mind.
Kamaimasen. かまいません。
(Kah-my-mah-sen)
I see. / Is that so?
Soo-desu-ka. そうですか。
(Soh dess kah)
I don’t want/need it.
Irimasen. いりません。
(Ee-ree-mah-sen)
Kekkoo-desu. (more polite)
(Keck-koe dess)
けっこうです。
I think so.
Soo omoimasu.
(Soh oh-moy-ee-mahss)
そう おもいます。
I don’t think so.
Soo-wa omoimasen.
(Soh wah oh-moy-mah-sen)
そうは おもいません。
Chigau-to omoimasu.
(Chee-gah-uu toe oh-moy-ee-mahss)
ちがうと おもいます。
Not yet. (Used as a sentence.)
Mada-desu. まだです。
(Mah-dah dess)
Just a moment, please.
Chotto matte kudasai. ちょっと まって ください。
(Choat-toe mot-tay kuu-dah-sie)
Chotto (choat-toe) ちょっと is also used by itself when you want to get someone’s attention and/or call the person to you—Chotto! (choat-toe) ちょっと. This is very familiar, however, and is primarily used among families and when addressing serving people in an informal setting, such as a restaurant. When said in a reluctant, cautious tone of voice, chotto means you don’t want to positively respond to a question or comment, and are leaving it to the listener to interpret your meaning. If someone says chotto muzukashii-desu-ne (choat-toe muu-zuu-kah-she dess nay) ちょっと むずかしいですね。 “it’s a little difficult,” they really mean it can’t be done or they can’t do it.
I’ve had enough / No more, thank you.
Moo kekkoo-desu.
(Moe keck-koe dess)
もうけっこうです。
Well, I must be going.
Jaa soro-soro shitsuree-shimasu.
(Jah so-roe so-roe she-t’sue-ray she-mahss)
じゃあ そろそろ しつれいします。
Where did you study English?
Doko-de Eego-o benkyoo-shimashita-ka.
(Doe-koe day aa-go oh bane-k’yoe she-mah-sshta kah)
どこで えいごを べんきょう しましたか。
Have you been to the United States?
Amerika-ni itta koto-ga arimasu-ka.
(Ah-may-ree-kah nee eet-tah koe-toe gah ah-ree-mahss kah)
アメリカに いったことが ありますか。
Greeting People
Good morning. (Said until about 11:00 a.m.)
Ohayoo gozaimasu.
(Oh-hah-yoe go-zie-mahss)
おはよう ございます。
Good afternoon. (Said from around 11:00 a.m. until dusk.)
Konnichiwa.
(Kone-nee-chee wah)
こんにちは。
Note that konnichiwa is not used among family members or close friends, or between colleagues in their workplace.
Good evening. (Said from dusk.)
Konbanwa.
(Kome-bahn wah)
こんばんは。
Note that konbanwa is not used among family members or close friends, or between colleagues in their workplace.
Good night.
Oyasumi-nasai.
(Oh-yah-sue-me nah-sie)
おやすみなさい。
See you again tomorrow.
Mata ashita.
(Mah-tah ah-ssh-tah)
また あした。
How are you?
O-genki-desu-ka.
(Oh-gain-kee dess kah)
おげんきですか。
Note that Japanese do not say this to people they meet regularly or to strangers.
I’m fine.
Genki-desu.
げんきです。
(Gain-kee dess)
I’m fine, thanks to you. (A set expression.)
Ee, okagesama-de.
(Eeh-eh oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day)
ええ、おかげさまで。
This phrase is used in reply to o-genki-desu-ka (oh-gain-kee dess kah) It literally means “yes, thanks to you.”
It’s been a long time, hasn’t it!
O-hisashiburi-desu-ne.
(Oh-he-sah-she-buu-ree dess nay)
おひさしぶりですね。
Shibaraku-desu-ne.
(Shee-bah-rah-kuu dess nay)
しばらくですね。
I’ve been out of touch for a long time!
Gobusata-shite-imashita.
(Go-buu-sah-tah she-tay ee-mah-sshtah)
ごぶさたして いました。
This phrase is often used when meeting someone after having been out of touch for a long time and you feel a bit guilty.
Family Terms
How is your wife?
Oku-san-wa ikaga-desu-ka.
(Oak-sahn wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
おくさんは いかがですか。
How is your husband?
Go-shujin-wa ikaga-desu-ka.
(Go-shuu-jean wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
ごしゅじんは いかがですか。
She/He is well, thank you.
Okagesama-de genki-desu.
(Oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day, gain-kee dess)
おかげさまで げんきです。
How do you feel? (Said to someone who has been ill.)
Go-kibun-wa ikaga-desu-ka?
(Go-kee-boon wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
ごきぶんは いかがですか。
I’m better now, thank you.
Okagesama-de yoku narimashita.
(Oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day yoe-kuu nah-ree-mah-sshtah)
おかげさまで よく なりました。
Welcome.
Irasshaimase.
(Ee-rash-shy-mah-say)
いらっしゃいませ。
This is the polite, formal expression commonly used in an institutionalized way when welcoming people to your home, etc. It is also the expression that restaurant/bar staff and shop assistants traditionally call out when customers enter.
Introductions
