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ОглавлениеPART ONE
Common Expressions & Key Words
KEYS WORDS
| I | watashi (wah-tah-she) わたし̶Used by both males and females in formal situations.watakushi (wah-tock-she) わたくし̶More formal than watashi.boku (boe-kuu) ぼく̶Used by boys and men in informal situations.ore (oh-ray) おれ̶A ‘rough’ term used by males in informal situations.washi (wah-she) わし̶Sometimes used by elderly men in informal situations.atashi (ah-tah-she) あたし̶Mainly used by girls and women in informal situations. |
NOTE : When talking about oneself, these terms are normally followed by wa (は topic marker), as in watashi-wa amerikajin-desu (wah-tah-she wah ah-may-ree-kah-jeen dess) わたし はアメリカじんです “I am American.”
| me | Any of the above terms used in the objective sense, in which case they are usually used with o (oh) (を direct object marker) or ni (nee) (に indirect object marker). For example,watashi-o shōkai-shimashita (wah-tah-she oh showkie she-mah-sshtah) わたしを しょうかいしました “(Someone) introduced me (to someone else).”watashi-ni shōkai-shimashita (wah-tah-she nee show-kie she-mah-sshtah) わたしに しょうかいしました “(Someone) introduced (someone else) to me.” |
| my | Any of the above “I” words followed by no (no) (の possessive marker). “My book,” for example, is watashi-no hon (wah-tah-she no hoan) わたしのほん, boku-no hon (boe-kuu no hoan) ぼくの ほん, and so forth. |
| mine | Any of the above “I” words with no (no) の alone, i.e. watashi-no (wah-tah-she-no) わたしの, boku-no (boe-kuu no) ぼくの, and so forth. |
| we | The “we” concept is formed by adding tachi (tah-chee) たち to any of the above forms of “I,” i.e.: watashi-tachi (wah-tah-she-tah-chee) わたしたち, boku-tachi (boe-kuu-tah-chee) ぼくたち, and so forth. |
| you | anata (ah-nah-tah) あなた̶Used by both males and females when addressing a stranger, or by women when addressing their husbands. In the latter case, anata is the equivalent of “dear.”kimi (kee-me) きみ̶Used by males when addressing females in informal situations.anta (ahn-tah) あんた̶Used by both males and females in informal situations.omae (o-mah-eh) おまえ̶A ‘rough’ term used by males in informal situations. |
NOTE: The plural of “you” is formed by adding the suffix gata (gah-tah) がた, which is polite, or tachi (tah-chee) たち, which is less formal: anata-gata (ah-nah-tah-gah-tah) あなた がた, anata-tachi (ah-nah-tah-tah-chee) あなたたち.
In Japanese, “you” is hardly ever used unless the speaker doesn’t know the listener’s name. Otherwise, his/her name is used to address the listener, as in kore-wa tomu-san-no-desuka (koe-ray wah toe-moo-sahn no dess kah) これはトムさんの ですか “Is this yours, Tom?”
| he | ano hito (ah-no-he-toe) あのひと, or more polite, ano kata (ah-no-kah-tah) あのかた, both of which literally mean “that person.”kare (kah-ray) かれ̶—Sometimes used by both males and females in informal situations. It can also mean “boyfriend.” |
| she | ano hito (ah-no-he-toe) あのひと, or more polite, ano kata (ah-no-kah-tah) あのかた.kanojo (kah-no-joe) かのじょ̶—Sometimes used by both males and females in informal situations. It can also mean “girlfriend.” |
| they | ano kata-gata (ah-no-kah-tah-gah-tah) あのかたがた, which is polite, or ano hito-tachi (ah-no-he-toe-tah-chee) あのひとたち, which is less polite. |
In conversation, “he,” “she” and “they” are frequently not used. The practice is to use the name of the individual concerned in order to be more specific and personal. It is also common practice to leave out “I” and “you” when the meaning is clear from the context, often subsuming the meaning in the verb form used. For example, “are you going?” is often just expressed as ikimasu-ka (ee-kee-mahss kah) いきますか, which technically means “going?” with the “you” understood. The usual answer would be ikimasu (ee-kee-mahss) いきます “going,” meaning, of course, “I am going.”
| who | donata (doe-nah-tah) どなた, or less formal,dare (dah-ray) だれ.When used as the subject, the “who” words are followed by ga (gah) (が subject marker), as in dare-ga ikimasu-ka (dah-ray-gah ee-kee-mahss kah) だれがいきますか “Who is going?” |
| what | nani (nah-nee) なに often shortened to nan (nahn) なん before certain sounds. |
| when | itsu (eet-sue) いつ |
| where | doko (doe-koe) どこ |
| why | naze (nah-zay) なぜ, alsodōshite (doe-ssh-tay) どうして |
| how | dō (doh) どう |
| yes | hai (hie) はい, also ee (eh-eh) ええ, which is less formal. |
Hai (or ee) is quite often used in the sense of “yes, I hear you” or “yes, I’m listening” in conversation, particularly when talking on the phone. Bear in mind that this use of hai (or ee) does not mean “you are right” or “I agree with you.”
| no | iie (ee-eh) いいえ , also ie (e-eh) いえ, which is less formal. |
Iie (or ie) is used more often to mean “no” than hai (or ee) is to mean “yes.” However, Japanese do not like to say “no” outright unless the situation is informal or they are answering a simple yes-no question, such as “Do you know Mr. Smith?” Especially in business they usually couch the concept in more subtle forms and try to avoid saying “no.”
Here are some commonly used verbs, presented first in the dictionary form (i.e. the plain non-past affirmative form, which you can find in a dictionary), then in the stem form, the te-form (a sort of present participle), and the nai-form (i.e. the plain non-past negative form). There are two tenses in Japanese, namely, the non-past tense, which corresponds to the English present and future tenses, and the past tense. The following table shows how to conjugate verbs:
For example,
| buy | kau (kah-uu) かう, kai (kie) かい,katte (kot-tay) かって, |
| kawanai (kah-wah-nie) かわない, | |
| kaimasu (kie-mahss) かいます “buy / will buy.” | |
| kaimasen (kie-mah-sen) かいません “do not buy / will not buy.” | |
| kaimashita (kie-mah-sshtah) かいました “bought.” | |
| kaimasendeshita (kie-mah-sen desh-tah) かいませんでした “did not buy.” | |
| kaitai-desu (kie-tie dess) かいたいです “want to buy.” | |
| kaitakunai-desu かいたくないです (kie-tah-kuu-nie dess) “do not want to buy.” | |
| katte kudasai かってください (kot-tay kuu-dah-sie) “please buy.” | |
| kawanaide kudasai かわないでください (kah-wah-nie day kuu-dah-sie) “please do not buy.” |
Note that the subject (I, you, he, she, we or they) is usually omitted when it is easily understood from the context.
To change them to the interrogative form, simply add ka (kah) (か question marker) to the end (e.g. kaimasu-ka (kiemahss kah) かいますか “buy?”, kaimashita-ka (kie-mahsshtah kah) かいましたか “bought?”).
| come | kuru (kuu-rue) くる, ki (kee) き,kite (kee-tay) きて, konai (koe-nie) こない. |
| drink | nomu (no-muu) のむ, nomi (no-me) のみ,nonde (noan-day) のんで,nomanai (no-mah-nie) のまない. |
| eat | taberu (tah-bay-rue) たべる,tabe (tah-bay) たべ,tabete (tah-bay-tay) たべて,tabenai (tah-bay-nie) たべない. |
| forget | wasureru (wah-sue-ray-rue) わすれる,wasure (wah-sue-ray) わすれ,wasurete (wah-sue-ray-tay) わすれて,wasurenai (wah-sue-ray-nie) わすれない. |
| give (to someone) | |
| ageru (ah-gay-rue) あげる,age (ah-gay) あげ,agete (ah-gay-tay) あげて,agenai (ah-gay-nie) あげない. | |
| give (to me ) | |
| kureru (kuu-ray-rue) くれる,kure (kuu-ray) くれ,kurete (kuu-ray-tay) くれて,kurenai (kuu-ray-nie) くれない. |
Note that “please give me” is simply kudasai (kuu-dah-sie) く ださい, not kurete kudasai (kuu-ray-tay kuu-dah-sie) くれて ください.
| go | iku (ee-koo) いく, iki (ee-kee) いき,itte (eet-tay) いって,ikanai (ee-kah-nie) いかない. |
| hear | kiku (kee-koo) きく, kiki (kee-kee) きき,kiite (kee-tay) きいて,kikanai (kee-kah-nie) きかない. |
| have | motsu (moe-t’se) もつ, mochi (moe-chee) もち,motte (moat-tay) もって,motanai (moe-tah-nie) もたない. |
Note that, instead of the stem form, motte-i (もってい te-form + i い ) is used in the non-past and past forms (e.g. motte-imasu (moat-tay ee-mahss) もっています “have,” motte-imasen (moat-tay ee-mah-sen) もっていません “do not have”).
| know | shiru (she-rue) しる, shiri (she-ree) しり,shitte (ssh-tay) しって,shiranai (she-rah-nie) しらない. |
Note that in the affirmative forms shitte-i (しってい te-form + i い) replaces the stem form, with the exception of the desiderative form (e.g. shitte-imasu? (ssh-tay-ee-mahss) しっていま す “know,” shitte-imashita (ssh-tay-ee-mah-sshtah) しってい ました “knew,” but shiritaidesu (she-ree-tie-dess) しりたいで す “want to know”).
| read | yomu (yoe-muu) よむ,yomi (yoe-me) よみ,yonde (yoan-day) よんで,yomanai (yoe-mah-nie) よまない. |
| return (go/come back) | |
| kaeru (kah-eh-rue) かえる,kaeri (kah-eh-ree) かえり,kaette (kah-eh’t-tay) かえって,kaeranai (kah-eh-rah-nie) かえらない. | |
| say | iu (yuu) いう, ii (ee) いい,itte (eet-tay) いって,iwanai (e-wah-nie) いわない. |
| see (someone) | |
| au (a-uu) あう, ai (ai) あい,atte (at-tay) あって,awanai (ah-wah-nie) あわない. | |
| see (something) | |
| miru (me-rue) みる, mi (me) み,mite (me-tay) みて, minai (me-nie) みない. | |
| sleep | neru (ney-rue) ねる, ne (ney) ね,nete (nay-tay) ねて, nenai (nay-nie) ねない. |
| speak | hanasu (hah-nah-sue) はなす,hanashi (hah-nah-ssh) はなし,hanashite (hah-nah-sshtay) はなして,hanasanai (hah-nah-sah-nie) はなさない. |
| understand | |
| wakaru (wah-kah-rue) わかる,wakari (wah-kah-ree) わかり,wakatte (wah-kot-tay) わかって,wakaranai (wah-kah-rah-nie) わからない. | |
| walk | aruku (ah-rue-kuu) あるく,aruki (ah-rue-kee) あるき,aruite (ah-rue-ee-tay) あるいて,arukanai (ah-rue-kah-nie) あるかない. |
| wait | matsu (mah-t’sue) まつ,machi (mah-chee) まち,matte (maht-tay) まって,matanai (mah-tah-nie) またない. |
| write | kaku (kah-kuu) かく, kaki (kah-kee) かき,kaite (kie-tay) かいて,kakanai (kah-kah-nie) かかない. |
COMMON PHRASES
► Do you speak English?
Eigo-o hanashimasu-ka. えいごを はなしますか。
(Aa-go oh hah-nah-she-mahss kah)
Note that the Japanese full stop is a small circle, which is used whether the sentence is a statement or a question.
► I can speak a little Japanese.
Nihongo-ga sukoshi hanasemasu.
(Nee-hoan-go gah suu-koe-she hah-nah-say-mahss)
にほんごが すこし はなせます。
► I don’t understand.
Wakarimasen. (Wah-kah-ree-mah-sen) わかりません。
► Please say it again.
Mō ichido itte kudasai. もういちど いって ください。
(Moe ee-chee-doe eet-tay kuu-dah-sie)
► Please speak more slowly.
Mō sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai.
(Moe suu-koe-shee yuke-kuu-ree hah-nah-sshtay kuu-dah-sie)
もうすこし ゆっくり はなして ください。
► I understand.
Wakarimashita. (Wah-kah-ree-mah-sshtah)
わかりました。
Note the change in the tense.
► Do you understand?
Wakarimashita-ka. わかりましたか。
(Wah-kah-ree-mah-sshtah kah)
► I want to study Japanese.
Nihongo-o benkyō-shitai-desu.
(Nee-hoan-go oh bane-k’yoe she-tie dess)
にほんごを べんきょう したいです。
► Please speak in Japanese.
Nihongo-de hanashite kudasai.
(Nee-hoan-go day hah-nah-sshtay kuu-dah-sie)
にほんごで はなして ください。
► Is it all right?
Ii-desu-ka. (ee-dess-kah) いいですか。
► It’s OK.
Daijōbu-desu. (Die-joe-buu dess) だいじょうぶです。
► Please.
Onegai-shimasu. おねがいします。
(Oh-nay-guy-she-mahss)
► It doesn’t matter. / I don’t mind.
Kamaimasen. (Kah-my-mah-sen) かまいません。
► I see. / Is that so?
Sō-desu-ka. (Soh dess kah) そうですか。
► I don’t want/need it.
Irimasen. (Ee-ree-mah-sen) いりません。/
Kekkō-desu. (more polite) けっこうです。 (Keck-koe dess)
► I think so.
Sō omoimasu. そう おもいます。
(Soh oh-moy-ee-mahss)
► I don’t think so.
Sō-wa omoimasen. そうは おもいません。
(Soh wah oh-moy-mah-sen)
Chigau-to omoimasu. ちがうと おもいます。
(Chee-gah-uu toe oh-moy-ee-mahss)
► Not yet. (Used as a sentence.)
Mada-desu. (Mah-dah dess) まだです。
► Just a moment, please.
Chotto matte kudasai. ちょっと まって ください。
(Choat-toe mot-tay kuu-dah-sie)
Chotto (choat-toe) ちょっと is also used by itself when you want to get someone’s attention and/or call the person to you—Chotto! (choat-toe) ちょっと . This is very familiar, however, and is primarily used among families and when addressing serving people in an informal setting, such as a restaurant. When said in a reluctant, cautious tone of voice, chotto means you don’t want to positively respond to a question or comment, and are leaving it to the listener to interpret your meaning. If someone says chotto muzukashii-desu-ne (choat-toe muu-zuu-kah-she dess nay) ちょっと むずかし いですね。“it’s a little difficult,” they really mean it can’t be done or they can’t do it.
► I’ve had enough / No more, thank you.
Mō kekkō-desu. もうけっこうです。
(Moe keck-koe dess)
► Well, I must be going.
Jā soro-soro shitsurei-shimasu.
(Jah so-roe so-roe she-t’sue-ray she-mahss)
じゃあ そろそろ しつれいします。
► Where did you study English?
Doko-de Eigo-o benkyō-shimashita-ka.
(Doe-koe day aa-go oh bane-k’yoe she-mah-sshta kah)
どこで えいごを べんきょう しましたか。
► Have you been to the United States?
Amerika-ni itta koto-ga arimasu-ka.
(Ah-may-ree-kah nee eet-tah koe-toe gah ah-ree-mahss kah) アメリカに いったことが ありますか。
GREETING PEOPLE
Good morning. (Said until about 11:00 a.m.)
Ohayō gozaimasu. おはよう ございます。
(Oh-hah-yoe go-zie-mahss)
Good afternoon.
(Said from around 11:00 a.m. until dusk.)
Konnichiwa. (Kone-nee-chee wah) こんにちは。
Note that konnichiwa is not used among family members or close friends, or between colleagues in their workplace.
Good evening. (Said from dusk.)
Konbanwa. (Kome-bahn wah) こんばんは。
Note that konbanwa is not used among family members or close friends, or between colleagues in their workplace.
Good night.
Oyasumi-nasai. おやすみなさい。
(Oh-yah-sue-me nah-sie)
► See you again tomorrow.
Mata ashita. (Mah-tah ah-ssh-tah) また あした。
► How are you?
O-genki-desu-ka. おげんきですか。
(Oh-gain-kee dess kah)
Note that Japanese do not say this to people they meet regularly or to strangers.
► I’m fine.
Genki-desu. (Gain-kee dess) げんきです。
► I’m fine, thanks to you. (A set expression.)
Ee, okagesama-de. ええ、 おかげさまで。
(Eeh-eh oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day)
This phrase is used in reply to o-genki-desu-ka (oh-gain-kee dess kah) It literally means “yes, thanks to you.”
► It’s been a long time, hasn’t it!
O-hisashiburi-desu-ne.
おひさしぶりですね。 (Oh-he-sah-she-buu-ree dess nay)
Shibaraku-desu-ne. しばらくですね。
(Shee-bah-rah-kuu dess nay)
► I’ve been out of touch for a long time!
Gobusata-shite-imashita. ごぶさたして いました。
(Go-buu-sah-tah she-tay ee-mah-sshtah)
This phrase is often used when meeting someone after having been out of touch for a long time and you feel a bit guilty.
FAMILY TERMS
► How is your wife?
Oku-san-wa ikaga-desu-ka.
(Oak-sahn wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
おくさんは いかがですか。
► How is your husband?
Go-shujin-wa ikaga-desu-ka.
(Go-shuu-jean wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
ごしゅじんは いかがですか。
► She/He is well, thank you.
Okagesama-de genki-desu. おかげさまで げんきです。
(Oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day, gain-kee dess)
| Your/Someone else... | My ... | |
| Wife | Oku-san(Oak-sahn)おくさん | Kanai(Kah-nie)かない |
| Husband | Go-shujin(Go-shuu-jean)ごしゅじん | Shujin(Shuu-jean)しゅじん |
| Child/children | O-ko-san(Oh-koe-sahn)おこさん | Kodomo(Koe-doe-moe)おこさん |
| Daughter(s) | O-jō-san(Oh-joe-sahn)おじょうさん | Musume(Muu-sue-may)むすめ |
| Son(s) | Musuko-san(Muu-sue-koe-sahn)むすこさん | Musuko(Muu-sue-koe)むすこ |
► How do you feel?
(Said to someone who has been ill.)
Go-kibun-wa ikaga-desu-ka?
(Go-kee-boon wah ee-kah-gah dess kah)
ごきぶんは いかがですか。
► I’m better now, thank you.
Okagesama-de yoku narimashita.
(Oh-kah-gay-sah-mah day yoe-kuu nah-ree-mah-sshtah)
おかげさまで よく なりました。
► Welcome.
Irasshaimase. (Ee-rash-shy-mah-say) いらっしゃいませ。
This is the polite, formal expression commonly used in an institutionalized way when welcoming people to your home, etc. It is also the expression that restaurant/bar staff and shop assistants traditionally call out when customers enter.
INTRODUCTIONS
| introduce | shōkai-suru しょうかいする(show-kie-sue-rue) |
| letter of introduction | shōkaijō しょうかいじょう(show-kie-joe) |
| name | namae (nah-mah-eh) なまえ |
| The similarity in spelling is coincidental. | |
| name-card | meishi (may-she) めいし |
► Let me introduce myself.
Jiko-shōkai sasete kudasai.
(Jee-koe show-kie sa-say-tay kuu-dah-sie)
じこしょうかい させて ください。
► My name is De Mente.
Watashi-no namae-wa De Mente-desu.
(Wah-tock-she no nah-mah-eh wah De Mente dess)
わたしの なまえは デ・メンテです。
De Mente-to mōshimasu. (more formal)
(De Mente toe moe-ssh-mahss)
デ・メンテと もうします。
In business this is the time when you present your name-card to the listener. When giving and receiving a name-card, it is good manner to hold it with both hands.
► What is your name?
O-namae-wa nan-desu-ka? おなまえは なんですか。
(Oh-nah-mah-eh wah nahn dess kah)
► Pardon me for asking your name. (more polite)
Shitsurei-desu-ga, dochira-sama-deshō-ka.
(She-t’sue-ray dess gah doe-chee-rah sah-mah day-show kah)
しつれいですが、 どちらさまでしょうか。
► Could you introduce me to that person, please?
Ano kata-ni shōkai-shite kudasaimasen-ka.
(Ah-no-kah-tah nee show-kie she-tay kuu-dah-sie mah-sen kah)
あの かたに しょうかいして くださいませんか。
► This is Mr. Tanaka.
Kochira-wa Tanaka-san-desu. こちらは たなかさんです。
(Koe-chee-rah wah Tah-nah-kah-sahn dess)
► How do you do?
Hajimemashite. (Hah-jee-may-mah-ssh-tay) はじめまして。
► I’m pleased to meet you.
Dōzo yoroshiku onegai-shimasu.
(Doe-zoe yoe-roe-she-kuu oh-nay-guy-she-mahss)
どうぞ よろしく おねがいします。
This phrase is often shortened to yoroshiku onegai-shimasu (yoe-roe-she-kuu oh-nay-guy-she-mahss) よろしく おねがい します, or to dōzo yoroshiku (doe-zoe yoe-roe-she-kuu) どう ぞ よろしく when the situation is not very formal.
► May I have one of your name-cards?
O-meishi-o itadakemasen-ka.
(Oh-may-she oh ee-tah-dah-kay mah-sen kah)
おめいしを いただけませんか。
► Please come in.
Dōzo, o-hairi-kudasai. どうぞ、おはいりください。
(Doe-zoe, oh-hie-ree kuu-dah-sie)
► Please sit down (on a chair).
Dōzo, o-kake-kudasai. どうぞ、 おかけください。
(Doe-zoe, oh-kah-kay kuu-dah-sie)
► Please sit down (on a cushion on the floor).
Dōzo, o-suwari-kudasai. どうぞ、 おすわりください。
(Doe-zoe, oh-sue-wah-ree kuu-dah-sie)
► Thank you very much.
(Said when entering a room or sitting down.)
Hai, shitsurei-shimasu. はい、 しつれいします。
(Hie, she-t’sue-ray she-mahss)
This expression literally means “yes, excuse me (for entering your room / for sitting down).”
► Thank you very much. (Said after receiving a favor.)
Arigatō gozaimasu. ありがとう ございます。
(Ah-ree-gah-toe go-zie-mahss)
► Don’t mention it. / You’re welcome.
Dō itashimashite. どういたしまして。
(Doe ee-tah-she-mah-sshtay)
IN A TAXI
