Читать книгу The Law of Tax-Exempt Organizations, 2021 Cumulative Supplement - Bruce Hopkins R., Bruce R. Hopkins, David Middlebrook - Страница 39

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Business Leagues and Similar Organizations

  § 14.1 Concept of Business League (a) General Principles (g) Certification Programs

  § 14.2 Disqualifying Activities (a) Line‐of‐Business Requirement (c) Performance of Particular Services (d) Private Inurement (d‐1) Private Benefit

§ 14.1 CONCEPT OF BUSINESS LEAGUE

(a) General Principles

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Occasionally, a tax‐exempt organization, such as a charitable entity, will have its operations evolve from activities originally established into those of an exempt business league (e.g., Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201907011).

(g) Certification Programs

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It is the view of the IRS, however, that certification programs are inconsistent with tax‐exempt status for charitable, educational, and scientific organizations, due to the extent of private benefit conferred on the certified individuals.¹¹³

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For example, the IRS revoked the tax‐exempt status of a public charity that evolved to the point that its primary functions were the certification of travel professionals; the agency rejected the argument that an eco‐certification program was charitable in nature.^113.1 Likewise, a public charity lost its exemption because, due to a merger, it undertook a substantial new program of certifying individuals in a health care field.^113.2

§ 14.2 DISQUALIFYING ACTIVITIES

(a) Line‐of‐Business Requirement

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an organization providing a forum for the exchange of information to assist users and potential users of a software application;^133.1 and an organization that is an association of franchise owners.^133.2

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E.g., Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201721020. This type of referral group cannot qualify as a tax‐exempt social welfare organization (see Chapter 13) (e.g., Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202009025).

(c) Performance of Particular Services

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; an organization with the primary activity of negotiating with vendors to secure improved supply pricing for its members to enable them to compete with large national franchises;^191.1 an organization offering early‐stage companies investment opportunities for its members;^191.2 an organization operating a scheduling service for its member food truck operaters;^191.3 an organization formed to increase the efficiency and performance of its member networks;^191.4 and an association of bridal salons where its primary activity was advertising.¹⁹¹

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Application of the particular services rule by the IRS has recently been nicely illustrated in connection with the activities of associations of umpires and referees. Although these organizations provide education and training for their membership, their primary function is to schedule, assign, and pay their members for their officiating services. The IRS rejects these organization's efforts to be recognized as tax‐exempt business leagues on the ground that they are providing particular services to their members by arranging employment opportunities for them, resulting in impermissible private benefit. The IRS has so ruled in cases involving baseball umpires,^199.1 tennis umpires,^199.2 soccer referees,^199.3 and volleyball officials.^199.4

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(d) Private Inurement

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(d‐1) Private Benefit

The IRS occasionally invokes the private benefit doctrine^217.1 when denying recognition of tax exemption to an organization seeking to be an exempt business league. This doctrine is more likely to be applied than the private inurement doctrine because most of these organizations' memberships lack the status of insiders.^217.2 Use of the private benefit doctrine is often made in tandem with application of the particular services rule.^217.3

For example, an organization that pursued tax exemption as a business league was operated primarily to provide cooperative services for its members, acting as a bargaining agent to negotiate for better terms and conditions of doing business with vendors, suppliers, and service providers, with whom its members do business. In addition to invoking the particular services rule, the IRS held that this entity was providing economic benefit to its members.^217.4

Notes

1 ¹¹³ See §§ 7.8, text accompanied by notes 321.1–321.5; 20.13(a).

2 ^113.1 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201843016.

3 ^113.2 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201906010.

4 ^133.1 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202013016.

5 ^133.2 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202017028.

6 ^191.1 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201907007.

7 ^191.2 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201944014.

8 ^191.3 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202015022.

9 ^191.4 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202015025.

10 ¹⁹¹ Priv. Ltr. Rul. 202034010.

11 ^199.1 E.g., Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201511024.

12 ^199.2 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201820020.

13 ^199.3 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201924019.

14 ^199.4 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201931010.

15 ^217.1 See § 20.13(a).

16 ^217.2 See § 20.3.

17 ^217.3 See § 14.2(c)(i), (ii).

18 ^217.4 Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201931013.