Читать книгу The Law of Tax-Exempt Healthcare Organizations - Bruce Hopkins R., Bruce R. Hopkins, David Middlebrook - Страница 12

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and that a nonprofit pharmacy was not entitled to tax exemption as a charitable entity because it is operating a business, selling pharmaceutical products to the public in a manner indistinguishable from a commercial pharmacy.^109.1

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In another ruling, a nonprofit corporation was organized to provide affordable healthcare through education and voluntary employees’ beneficiary association (VEBA) participation. It simultaneously applied for recognition of exemption from federal income tax both as a charitable organization and as a VEBA. The IRS determined that establishing participation in a VEBA is not an enumerated charitable purpose under the Internal Revenue Code and therefore the organization was not organized exclusively for charitable purposes. Further, the fact that the organization was managing a trust that enables employers to establish separate VEBA sub‐accounts for its employees was evidence that more than an insubstantial part of its activities was not in furtherance of an exempt purpose. Finally, the types of services being provided to its members demonstrated that the organization is operating in a commercial manner.^111.1

The IRS continues to exert the commerciality doctrine and its tenets in denying or revoking exemption as a charitable organization. In one ruling, the IRS determined that the activity of developing, promoting, and supporting free medical software for physicians primarily benefits those physicians and their medical practices and serves private rather than public purposes. As a result, the organization engaged in these activities failed to qualify for exemption as a charitable organization.^111.2

The nonprofit organization was formed to support an open source software project. The software permits a physician to schedule patient appointments, remind patients of their appointments, record the history and physical examination of each patient visit, record and transmit orders for pharmaceutical drugs and diagnostic studies, bill responsible parties for services rendered, record the remittances, and comply with Meaningful Use criteria under a federal government reimbursement program. The software is free and can be used with any operating system. The organization provided support to the software project and links to vendors on its website for certified professional developers who charge a fee for their services.

In the view of the IRS, the activities of the organization benefit the private interests of both the physicians using the software as well as the vendors to whom it referred software users for technical support. The IRS concluded that maintaining a website to promote the development, distribution, and adoption of open source software is not an exempt purpose. The physicians and their medical practices derived a commercial advantage from the software because they would otherwise have to purchase commercial software. By providing the free open source software, the organization reduced or eliminated costs for the physicians and gave them a commercial advantage, which is a substantial nonexempt purpose.

In another ruling, the IRS determined that an organization operated for the purpose of preventing cruelty to and promoting the health and welfare of equine athletes, providing experiential education and training to veterinarians, and conducting scientific research in the field of equine exercise physiology, did not continue to qualify for charitable status.^111.3 In its exemption application, the organization stated that revenues would be derived from fees and donations and that fees would be set well below fair market value in order to cover costs. The organization would also charge reduced diagnostic and clinic fees to horse owners who participated in their scientific studies.

However, upon examination, the IRS determined that the organization's primary activity was to provide veterinary services to the general public for a fee, and that the organization was conducting commercial activities regularly, which privately benefited related for‐profit entities. Treatments to horses were provided on a fee‐for‐service basis, which the IRS held privately benefited their founders. It noted that providing veterinary services to the general public on a cost basis is not substantially related to the prevention of cruelty to animals and does not serve a charitable purpose.

And in another ruling, the IRS determined that an organization was not entitled to charitable exemption because it was substantially involved in commercial activity.^111.4 The organization had asserted that its purposes were supporting international research for cures being developed for rare and infectious diseases, leading research initiatives, identifying best practices for streamlining drug therapy approvals worldwide, providing thought leadership and networking activities for industry leaders, and increasing public awareness of the fight to cure diseases globally.

To accomplish its purposes, the organization provided business and consulting services to the biotech and pharmaceutical industries for the development of new treatments for people who are infected with rare diseases. Its intent was to help bridge the gap between rare disease cures being developed and ultimately approved by providing necessary services to support efficient processing of fast‐track approval applications for the development of such drugs. It would also provide executive search services, executive coaching services, and public awareness and educational programs.

The IRS determined that the organization's primary activities were the conduct of a trade or business for the production of income. Its only activities were providing consulting services to clients for a fee. While fees were generally set at below‐market rates, the IRS concluded that this is insufficient to characterize the activities as charitable. The fact that the organization's clients were fighting against rare diseases was also not sufficient to characterize the organization's activity as charitable. Like a commercial business, it services were generally available to any individual or organization willing to pay its fees.

In another ruling, the IRS determined that an organization that provided healthcare education and research services does not qualify for tax‐exempt status as a charitable organization because it engages in nonexempt operations to a substantial degree.^111.5 The organization hoped to advance the availability and quality of healthcare through research, education, and increased transparency to facilitate leadership development, quality outcomes, and informed investment decisions in the healthcare delivery system. Its stated mission was to promote and conduct research on the causes of rising health spending and to provide stakeholders with better information on what is driving healthcare costs, with a goal of discovering ways to reduce them. The initial research would focus on the healthcare claims process. However, according to the organization's website, it will provide a blockchain platform to share information in a secure environment. It was connected to another website that promoted blockchain technology.

The IRS determined that the organization does not meet the operational test because a substantial part of its activities does not further exempt purposes. In its view, the organization created, maintained, developed, promoted, and provided governance and direction to the development of blockchain technology as a commercial enterprise. The IRS concluded that providing blockchain technology to payers, providers, and financial institutions for use in the conduct of their businesses is not educational within the meaning of the Code. It found that the organization operated in a manner similar to a trade or business primarily carried on for profit and that its services were not inherently charitable.

The IRS has also found that an organization that provides a menu of services to healthcare companies does not qualify as a tax‐exempt charitable organization. The services comprised billing, legal, accounting, human resources, personnel, and support staffing. It also provided spiritual, emotional, and physical support services to patients. All of the organization's revenue came from billing and managerial services. The IRS found that the organization failed to satisfy the organizational test for qualification as a charitable organization because its governing documents do not limit its purposes to one or more exempt purposes. It found that the organization was very similar to an organization that did not qualify for tax exemption because providing services to other exempt organizations at cost is not sufficient to characterize the activity as charitable due to the lack of a donative element. The organization's primary activities, which included managing the administrative and medical services of a for‐profit entity for a fee, do not fulfill a charitable educational or religious purpose and they directly compete with other providers of similar services.

In another ruling decided in accordance with the commerciality doctrine, the IRS revoked charitable tax‐exempt status for an organization that provides medical equipment and supplies to patients in their homes.^111.6 The organization leases or sells medical equipment including walkers, wheelchairs, and oxygen. The home medical equipment is designed to assist patients discharged from hospitals who need continuous care. Amounts charged for those services are subject to the patient's ability to pay. The organization's primary source of income is the sale and rental of durable medical equipment (DME) to the general public. It does not receive any grants or donations. The amounts charged to non‐charity patients for the DME are competitive market prices to keep the organization competitive with other DME providers. There are no price caps for retail products, and the organization does not provide items at or below cost. The IRS decided that exemption should be revoked because the organization has substantial nonexempt activity and is operating in a commercial manner. The financial assistance provided to customers by the organization constituted a small amount of the organization's activities. The organization's major activity is the sale and rental of DME to the public at competitive commercial prices. The IRS concluded that providing healthcare services by selling and renting durable medical equipment at commercial prices is not a charitable activity.

In a ruling regarding health food, the IRS denied reinstatement of its prior recognition of charitable tax‐exempt status for an organization that encouraged individuals to engage in “self‐healing” but that actually operated a healthy food restaurant open to the general public in direct competition with other restaurants.^111.7 The IRS relied upon the commerciality doctrine for determining that the organization was not operated exclusively in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

In a similar ruling, a nonprofit organization sought recognition of charitable tax‐exempt status for its proposed operation of a grocery store within an urban area USDA “food desert” that would provide residents with walkable access to affordable and nutritious foods to be sold at discount prices.^111.8 These foods would otherwise be hard to obtain or overpriced for low‐income members of the community within reasonable walking distance. The organization would accept donated grocery items and would donate surplus groceries to other charities. The IRS nonetheless determined that the organization was not eligible for recognition of exemption because operation of a retail grocery store represents a substantial nonexempt purpose, and not a charitable purpose, and as a result, the IRS found it unnecessary to consider whether the additional purposes of alleviating conditions in a food desert is a charitable purpose.