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Extrusion‐based bioprinting also referred to as DIW is the most commonly used approach of 3D bioprinting due to its versatility and affordability (Sanz‐Garcia et al. 2020). The process involves the continuous extrusion of biofilaments at a micro‐scale level that is deposited over the material substrate thereby forming the desired 3D structure (Figure 2.15). The receiving substrate can be of either solid (culture dish), liquid (growth medium), or gel matrix (Ozbolat and Hospodiuk 2016). Various process parameters considered for extrusion‐based 3D bioprinting includes nozzle size, extrusion rate, extrusion pressure, movement speed, printing, temperature, and path interval. Based on the method of actuation used for dispensing of biomaterial, the system can be categorized as screw‐driven, piston‐driven, and pneumatic‐driven 3D bioprinting systems (Derakhshanfar et al. 2018). In addition, extrusion‐based 3D bioprinting is used for coaxial and multi‐material bioprinting based on the end use of the 3D printed scaffolds. Material properties like bio‐ink viscosity and substrate properties must be considered for the successful fabrication of 3D scaffolds (Ying et al. 2018).

Figure 2.15 Schematic diagram of 3D bioprinting.