Читать книгу Prairie - Candace Savage - Страница 35

Managing Moisture

One key to the prairie grasses’ success is their ability to conserve water. Like most plants, grasses take in water through their roots and lose it as water vapor through tiny mouth-shaped valves, or stomata, in their leaves. The larger the surface of the leaf and the more stomata it bears, the greater the risk that the plant will lose too much moisture through evaporation and collapse. Grasses are protected from this trauma by having a reduced number of stomata and by the design of their leaves, which take the form of narrow blades. What’s more, the surfaces of these reduced leaves are often modified—corrugated with ridges or covered in hairs—so that the wind can’t sweep across the surface and draw out moisture. The roughened surface holds a thin layer of humid air next to the leaf and thus helps to reduce the “evaporative demand,” or drying power, of the atmosphere. Some grasses, including western wheatgrass, June grass, and blue grama, roll up the edges of their leaves during times of drought to help keep their tissues from drying out.

Why aren’t the stomata kept tightly closed to seal moisture inside the leaf? The reason is that the stomata also supply plants with fresh air. Leaves are miracle workers, able to take carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, zap them with solar energy, and transform them into food. This process— photosynthesis—not only produces the sugars and other organic molecules that plants need to maintain themselves and to grow but also feeds microbes, worms, insects, fish, birds, and mammals. If plants sealed their stomata, this life-sustaining process would come gasping to a halt for lack of carbon dioxide. But if the stomata are thrown wide open, the plants risk death due to the loss of moisture through their gaping valves.

Prairie grasses resolve this dilemma by strategic scheduling. In the fierce blaze of the midday sun, the stomata close so that water vapor is held in and carbon dioxide is kept out. In this state, the leaf can capture solar energy and store it in energy-rich molecules (a process that requires sunlight but not carbon dioxide). Then, in the cool of the evening, when the evaporative demand drops off, the stomata snap open, letting water vapor trickle out but also permitting carbon dioxide to flood into the leaf. By mobilizing the energy that was stockpiled earlier in the day, the leaf uses this carbon dioxide to manufacture the sugars and other molecules that it needs for growth (a process that can be accomplished in total darkness). The result is that prairie grasses are partially nocturnal; they do most of their growing at night or in the early hours of the morning.