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State Population

1850 1860

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Alabama … … … … … . … . 2,265 2,690

Arkansas … … … … … . … 608 144

California … … … … . … . 962 4,086

Connecticut … … … … . … 7,693 8,627

Delaware … … … … … . … 18,073 19,829

Florida … … … … … … . … 932 932

Georgia … … … … … … . … 2,931 3,500

Illinois … … … … … … … 5,436 7,628

Indiana … … … … … … . … 11,262 11,428

Iowa … … … … … … … . … 333 1,069

Kentucky … … … … … … … 10,011 10,684

Louisiana … … … … … . … . 17,462 18,647

Maine … … … … … … … … 1,356 1,327

Kansas … … … … … … . … . 625

Maryland … … … … … … … 74,723 83,942

Massachusetts … … … … . … 9,064 9,602

Michigan … … … … … … … 2,583 6,797

Minnesota … … … … … . … . 259

Mississippi … … … … … … 930 773

Missouri … … … … … … … 2,618 3,572

New Hampshire … … … … . … 520 494

New Jersey … … … … … . … 23,810 25,318

New York … … … … … … … 49,069 49,005

North Carolina … … … … … 27,463 30,463

Ohio … … … … … … … . … 25,279 36,673

Oregon … … … … … … . … . 128

Pennsylvania … … … … . … . 53,626 56,949

Rhode Island … … … … . … . 3,670 3,952

South Carolina … … … … … 8,960 9,914

Tennessee … … … … … . … . 6,422 7,300

Texas … … … … … … … … 397 355

Vermont … … … … … … . … 718 709

Virginia … … … … … … … 54,333 58,042

Wisconsin … … … … … . … . 635 1,171

Territories:

Colorado … … … … … . … 46

Dakota … … … … … … … 0

District of Columbia … . … 10,059 11,131

Minnesota … … … … … … 39

Nebraska … … … … … . … 67

Nevada … … … … … … … 45

New Mexico … … … … . … . 207 85

Oregon … … … … … … … 24

Utah … … … … … … . … . 22 30

Washington … … … … . … . 30

_______ _______

Total … … … … … … … 434,495 488,070

[Footnote 1: Moore, Anti-Slavery, p. 79; and Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1871, p. 376; Weeks, Southern Quakers, pp. 215, 216, 231, 230, 242.]

[Footnote 2: The Southern Workman, xxvii, p. 161.]

[Footnote 3: Rhodes, History of the United States, chap. i, p. 6; Bancroft, History of the United States, chap. ii, p. 401; and Locke, Anti-Slavery, p. 32.]

[Footnote 4: A Brief Statement of the Rise and Progress of the Testimony of the Quakers, passim; Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 43.]

[Footnote 5: Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 44; and Locke, Anti-Slavery, p. 32.]

[Footnote 6: The Southern Workman, xxxvii, pp. 158–169.]

[Footnote 7: Turner, The Negro in Pennsylvania, pp. 144, 145, 151, 155.]

[Footnote 8: Southern Workman, xxxvii, p. 157.]

[Footnote 9: Levi Coffin, Reminiscences, chaps, i and ii.]

[Footnote 10: Southern Workman, xxxvii, pp. 161–163.]

[Footnote 11: Coffin, Reminiscences, p. 109; and Howe's Historical Collections, p. 356.]

[Footnote 12: Southern Workman, xxxvii, pp. 162, 163.]

[Footnote 13: Levi Coffin, Reminiscences, pp. 108–111.]

[Footnote 14: Siebert, The Underground Railroad, p. 249.]

[Footnote 15: Langston, From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol, p. 35.]

[Footnote 16: Howe, Historical Collections, p. 465.]

[Footnote 17: History of Brown County, Ohio, p. 313.]

[Footnote 18: Wattles said: he purchased for himself 190 acres of land, to establish a manual labor school for colored boys. He had maintained a school on it, at his own expense, till the eleventh of November, 1842. While in Philadelphia the winter before, he became acquainted with the trustees of the late Samuel Emlen, a Friend of New Jersey. He left by his will $20,000 for the "support and education in school learning and the mechanic arts and agriculture, boys, of African and Indian descent, whose parents would give them up to the school. They united their means and purchased Wattles farm, and appointed him the superintendent of the establishment, which they called the Emlen Institute."—See Howe's Historical Collections, p. 356.]

[Footnote 19: Howe's Historical Collections, p. 355.]

[Footnote 20: Manuscripts in the possession of J.E. Moorland.]

[Footnote 21: The African Repository, xxii, pp. 322, 333.]

[Footnote 22: Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 723.]

[Footnote 23: Southern Workman, xxxvii, p. 158.]

[Footnote 24: The Journal of Negro History, I, pp. 23–33.]

[Footnote 25: Ibid., I, p. 26.]

[Footnote 26: The African Repository, passim.]

[Footnote 27: Although constituting a majority of the population even before the Civil War the Negroes of this township did not get recognition in the local government until 1875 when John Allen, a Negro, was elected township treasurer. From that time until about 1890 the Negroes always shared the honors of office with their white citizens and since that time they have usually had entire control of the local government in that township, holding such offices as supervisor, clerk, treasurer, road commissioner, and school director. Their record has been that of efficiency. Boss rule among them is not known. The best man for an office is generally sought; for this is a community of independent farmers. In 1907 one hundred and eleven different farmers in this community had holdings of 10,439 acres. Their township usually has very few delinquent taxpayers and it promptly makes its returns to the county.—See the Southern Workman, xxxvii, pp. 486–489.]

[Footnote 28: Davidson and Stowe, A Complete History of Illinois, pp. 321, 322; and Washburn, Edward Coles, pp. 44 and 53.]

[Footnote 29: The Negro population of this town so rapidly increased after the war that it has become a Negro town and unfortunately a bad one. Much improvement has been made in recent years.—See Southern Workman, xxxvii, pp. 489–494.]

[Footnote 30: Still, Underground Railroad, passim; Siebert, Underground Railroad, pp. 34, 35, 40, 42, 43, 48, 56, 59, 62, 64, 70, 145, 147; Drew, Refugee, pp. 72, 97, 114, 152, 335 and 373.]

[Footnote 31: The Journal of Negro History, I, pp. 132–162.]

[Footnote 32: Ibid., I, 138.]

[Footnote 33: Olmsted, Back Country, p. 134.]

[Footnote 34: In the Appalachian mountains, however, the settlers were loath to follow the fortunes of the ardent pro-slavery element. Actual abolition, for example, was never popular in western Virginia, but the love of the people of that section for freedom kept them estranged from the slaveholding districts of the State, which by 1850 had completely committed themselves to the pro-slavery propaganda. In the Convention of 1829–30 Upshur said there existed in a great portion of the West (of Virginia) a rooted antipathy to the slave. John Randolph was alarmed at the fanatical spirit on the subject of slavery, which was growing in Virginia—See the Journal of Negro History, I, p. 142.]

[Footnote 35: Adams, Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery.]

[Footnote 36: The Journal of Negro History, I, pp. 132–160.]

[Footnote 37: Siebert, Underground Railroad, p. 166.]

[Footnote 38: Adams, Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery.]

[Footnote 39: Siebert, Underground Railroad, chaps. v and vi.]

[Footnote 40: An Address to the People of North Carolina on the Evils of Slavery.]

[Footnote 41: Washington, Story of the Negro, I, chaps. xii, xiii and xiv. ]

[Footnote 42: Father Henson's Story of his own Life, p. 209; Coffin, Reminiscences, pp. 247–256; Howe, The Refugees from Slavery, p. 77; Haviland, A Woman's Work, pp. 192, 193, 196.]

[Footnote 43: Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, pp. 236–240.]

[Footnote 44: The United States Censuses of 1850 and 1860.]