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STUDY OF FORMS.

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An important part of the scientific knowledge of living organisms is dependent on a study of their forms and relationships. As has been stated, Leeuwenhoek considered bacteria to be “animalcules” because they showed independent movement. But little attention was paid to the natural history of these animalcules for nearly a hundred years after Leeuwenhoek. During the last quarter of the eighteenth century, however, workers busied themselves chiefly with the discovery and description of new forms. Among these students were Baron Gleichen, Jablot, Lesser, Reaumur, Hill and others. Müller, of Copenhagen, in 1786 published the first attempt at classification, a most important step in the study of these organisms. Müller introduced the terms Monas, Proteus and Vibrio, which are still in use. Ehrenberg, in his work on Infusoria, or the organisms found in infusions, published in 1838, introduced many generic names in use at present, but still classed the bacteria with protozoa. Joseph Leidy, the American naturalist, considered that the “vibrios” of previous writers were plants and not “animalcules.” He seems to have been the first to have made this distinction (1849). Perty (1852) recognized the presence of spores in some of his organisms. Ferdinand Cohn (1854) classed the bacteria among plants. Nägeli (1857) proposed the name “Schizomycetes” or “fission fungi,” which is still retained for the entire class of bacteria. Cohn in the years 1872–1875 established classification on a modern basis and added greatly to the knowledge of morphology and natural history of bacteria. He described spore formation and the development of spores into active bacteria, and showed the close relationships as well as differences between the bacteria and the lower algæ. Robert Koch was a pupil of Cohn.

An examination of the accompanying chronological table will show how the investigations and discoveries in connection with “spontaneous generation,” the “contagium vivum” theory and putrefaction and fermentation must have been mutually suggestive:

1546. Fracastorius, disease germs theory and direct and indirect contagion.
1671. Kircher, “contagium vivum” theory.
1675. Leeuwenhoek, first saw bacteria, “animalcules.”
1701. Andry, “animalcules” cause of diseases.
1718. Lancisi, “animalcules” cause of malaria.
1749. Needham, described development of organisms in water around barley grains.
1762. Plenciz, arguments for “living cause” theory and that “animalcules” cause putrefaction.
1768. Bonnet, suggested that probably Needham’s organisms came from germs in the liquid.
1776. Spallanzani, boiled and sealed infusions.
1786. Müller, first classified “animalcules.”
1787. Wollstein, glanders pus infectious.
1795–1798. Jenner, vaccination against smallpox.
1797. Viborg, transmitted glanders repeatedly.
1807. Prevost, grain rust, Puccinia graminis. The first instance of a microscopic plant organism shown to be the cause of a disease in a higher plant.
1810. Appert, directions for “canning.”
1822. Gaspard, infectiousness of material from wounds.
1834. Renucci, itch—itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei).
1835. Paget and Owen, Trichina spiralis.
1836. Schultze, air through acid to kill “germs.”
1837. Chevreuil and Pasteur, protected meat did not putrefy; suggested wound infection due to entrance of germs from without.
1837. Caignard-Latour, Schwann, alcoholic fermentation—yeast.
1837. Schwann, air through heated tubes to kill germs.
1837. Bassi, muscardine of silkworms, Botrytis bassiana. The first instance of a microscopic plant organism shown to be the cause of a disease in an animal.
1838. Boehm, cholera, saw organisms in stools (not the cause).
1838. Dubini discovered Ankylostoma duodenale.
1838. Ehrenberg, study of forms.
1839. Schönlein, Favus, Achorion schoenleinii.
1839–41. Berg, Thrush, Oidium albicans.
1840. Henle, theory of contagious diseases.
1841. Fuchs, bacterial cause of blue milk.
1842–43. Gruby, Herpes tonsurans, Trichophyton tonsurans.
1843. Klencke, inoculations of tuberculous material into rabbit.
1843. Holmes, puerperal fever contagious.
1845. Liebert, a potato rot, Peronospora infestans.
1846. Leidy, Joseph (American Naturalist), Trichina spiralis in pork.
1846. Eichstedt, Pityriasis versicolor, Microsporon furfur.
1847. Semmelweiss, recommended disinfection to prevent puerperal fever. Not followed.
1849. Leidy, considered “vibrios” to be plants.
1849. Pollender, Anthrax, saw rods in blood.
1850. Davaine and Rayer, Anthrax, saw rods in blood.
1851. Griesinger, Egyptian chlorosis, Ankylostoma duodenale.
1851. Bilharz, Bilharzia disease, Schistosomum hematobium.
1852. Kückenmeister, tapeworm, Tænia solium.
1852. Perty, saw spores in bacteria.
1854. Cohn, classed bacteria as plants.
1855. Cohn, disease of flies, Empusa muscæ.
1857. Nägeli, named bacteria, Schizomycetes.
1857. Pasteur, lactic, acetic, butyric acid fermentation.
1860. Zenker, Trichinosis, Trichinella spiralis.
1861. Pasteur, disproof of spontaneous generation.
1863. Davaine, transmitted anthrax by blood injections.
1865. Pasteur, Pebrine of silkworms, Nosema bombycis. The first instance of a protozoan shown to be the cause of a disease in a higher animal.
1865. Villemin, repeatedly transmitted tuberculosis to rabbits.
1865. Lister, introduced antisepsis in surgery.
1860. Rindfleisch, Pyemia, organisms in the pus.
1866. Von Hesseling, cheese ripening.
1867. De Martin, cheese ripening akin to alcoholic fermentation.
1869. Kette, Pasteur’s researches scientific basis for many processes in the soil.
1871. Klebs, Pyemia, organisms in the pus.
1872. Bollinger, spores in anthrax.
1872–75. Cohn, definite classification.
1873. Obermeier, recurrent fever, Spirochæta obermeieri.
1873. Schlösing and Münz, nitrification due to organisms.
1875. Lösch, amebic dysentery, Amœba coli.
1875–76. Tyndall, germs in the air.
1876. Robert Koch, anthrax, Bacillus anthracis. The first instance of a bacterium shown to be the cause of disease in an animal.
1877. Bollinger, actinomycosis, Actinomyces bovis (Streptothrix bovis).
1877. Weigert, used anilin dyes for staining.
1877. Woronin, cabbage disease, Plasmodiophora brassicæ. The first instance of a protozoan shown to be the cause of a disease in a plant.
1878. Koch, wound infections, bacterial in origin.
1881. Koch, gelatin plate cultures, Abbé, improvements in the microscope.
The Fundamentals of Bacteriology

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