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Bio-bibliography of Charles Hill-Tout

This chronology relies upon and quotes extensively from a typescript entitled “Professor Hill-Tout” in the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia. Though unsigned, this typescript must have been the work of a close acquaintance, who was able to include many personal details from conversations with Hill-Tout. Noel Robinson, a Vancouver journalist, had access to it for his obituary published in Man (September-October 1945) which contains phrases identical to some of those in the typescript. Marius Barbeau for his obituary in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1945) acknowledged the help of Robinson. But both these writers make statements contrary to the facts as stated by the typescript where the latter seems more reliable. These discrepancies become further compounded if one takes into consideration Robinson’s earlier article on Hill-Tout for the Vancouver Province, “Delves Deep in History” (23 June 1934), and the even earlier biographical accounts by Alfred Buckley.¹ Judith Banks interviewed Charles B. Hill-Tout (the eldest son) for her thesis, Comparative Biographies of Two British Columbia Anthropologists: Charles Hill-Tout and James A. Teit (1970), but his memory was not at its best. James E. Hill-Tout (the youngest son) has written a short family history, The Abbotsford Hill-Touts (1976), but recalls little of his father’s professional career.

1858–1884

Charles Hill-Tout was born on 28 September 1858 at Huntspill, Bridgewater, Somerset, of John Tout (farmer) and Elizabeth Hill.² The family, which included a brother and a sister, lived there for some years. “While still in his teens, he went to live with his god-mother at Oxford, where he went to school. At the age of 16 he went to school at Weston-super-Mare. Following this he lived with his parents in Somersetshire.”³ There is evidence that his father died soon after Hill-Tout’s sixteenth year.⁴“Subsequently he lived with a group of clergymen in a Cardiff rectory under the superintendence of Father Puller. … When Father Puller joined the Cowley Fathers and went to live at Cowley St. John just outside Oxford, the future anthropologist went with him and remained there until he went to Lincoln to take his Theological Year, attending lectures at Oxford University while there.⁵ It was during this period that he came under the influence of Huxley and Darwin. This resulted in intellectual difficulties, and he gave up the idea of ordination. He married, when at Lincoln, Edith Mary Stothert, of Scottish extraction, to whom he had become engaged during his Cardiff period.”⁶ The birth of a daughter, Beatrice May, the first of eight children, was in October 1884.

1884–1889

“In 1884, at the age of 25, with his wife and one girl baby in arms, he emigrated to Canada, arriving in Toronto. He brought with him letters of introduction to, among others, Dr. Daniel Wilson (afterwards Sir Daniel Wilson), President of Toronto University. ‘He asked me (Professor Hill-Tout recalled), “What are you going to do?’' and I replied, “Farm.” His reply was, “I know what you young Englishmen think about farming — riding about on a horse and watching the men work. Why don’t you take up educational work? We want someone to take over Dr. Tassie’s private school, which is run by the Low Church party.” I said, “I don’t know whether I could teach,” to which his reply was “Go home and think it over,” which I did and decided to take over this private school. The undertaking proved a great success — so much that the High Church Party’s school, St. Luke’s I think, could not make headway and the Principal came to me one day to suggest amalgamation, but the proposal fell through. Our school continued to flourish and I had two assistant teachers and the sons of many of the leading men of Toronto.”⁷ Hill-Tout is listed as a member of the Canadian Institute of Toronto from 1884 to 1887. At the meeting of 2 April 1887 he read a paper, “The Study of Language,” which was published in the Proceedings (item #1 below).

“When the opportunity offered to buy a 100-acre farm on the shore of Lake Ontario, he resigned the post that he had occupied for three years and started farming. This was near a place called Port Credit, 17 miles from Toronto, then a city of about 50,000 people. Life on the lakeshore proved very congenial, and the farm prospered. Then a summer resort was started nearby, and this proved so successful that they wanted more land and offered to buy part of the farm. The offer was declined, upon which a very generous offer was made and ten acres was sold. In the meantime, the new settler had built a bam and put up five miles of fencing. Ultimately, after he had been on the farm for two years, the summer settlement people bought it and he realised four or five times the price he had given for the undeveloped land. Having also sold stock and utensils, the schoolmaster-farmer determined to return to England. By this time there were four or five children, and one of the reasons prompting this return was the desire to give the youngsters a grounding in education.”

1890–1891

“However, before leaving Canada he wanted to see the West; so, having bought tickets for his wife, the nurse, and children, and entrained them for New York on the way to England, he himself went west. Upon arrival in Vancouver in 1890 he met an old college friend, the Rev. Finnes Clinton, pioneer rector of the Anglican Church of St. James, who was just on the point of starting a boys’ school and asked the new arrival if he would take charge. Just then a cablegram arrived from Mrs. Hill-Tout stating that one of their children had died. The offer was declined, and Professor Hill-Tout returned to England and the family settled down at a very lovely spot, St. Brevils, expecting to remain there for some years. After two years he learned that the trustees had been playing ducks and drakes with the family funds and there was very little left. That little he and his brother and cousin voluntarily gave to the new trustee for the women of the family, and he pulled up stakes again and, with his family, returned to Canada, this time to Vancouver and its superb environment, to which he had taken a great liking as a result of his previous visit.”

1891–1896

Hill-Tout assumed the teaching post at St. James Boys’ School. Upon its amalgamation with Whetham College, he became a housemaster and English teacher in the college buildings at Granville and Georgia.⁸ He is reported as present at a meeting of the Art Association of Vancouver in February 1892 “for the purpose of changing the scope of the organization to include history and literature.”⁹

“Bishop Sillitoe had been anxious to start a Diocesan College in his diocese of New Westminster, which included Vancouver, and invited Professor Hill-Tout to organise this and become its principal. The offer was accepted and he resigned his post at Whetham College and opened Trinity College in a large building which, he thinks, today stands next the YMCA, just north of it. He conducted this for two years and then, as the Bishop and he could not see eye to eye upon some (to him) important points, Professor Hill-Tout resigned and opened a college of his own, which for eight or ten years was known as Buckland College on Burrard Street.”¹⁰

From 1892 Hill-Tout was listed as a member of the Society for Psychical Research (London) and participated in seances in Vancouver, which he reported on to the Society, his paper “Some Psychical Phenomena” being “taken as read” at the meeting of 1 March 1895 and published in the Proceedings (item #2 below).¹¹

From his arrival in Vancouver, Hill-Tout on his own initiative surveyed archaeological sites along the Fraser River, chiefly Marpole (Eburne), Port Hammond, and Hatzic. “Professor Hill-Tout’s attention was drawn to the making of a road at Eburne, where, as one of his students who passed that way told him, skeletons and curious stone objects were being turned up by the workmen daily. Again he recalled the advice of Sir Daniel Wilson about being on the look-out for anything of interest in an archaeological way. At the first opportunity he went out to see what was happening at Eburne and discovered that the road was being put through the virgin forest. This forest had grown out of an ancient and abundant Indian midden heap. At once he became intensely interested. Every day skeletons and ancient stone and bone artifacts were being excavated. He interested a surveyor friend and got him to survey the extent of the midden and it was found that it covered over four acres and a half of the land and averaged a depth of about five feet and a maximum depth of 18 feet.”¹² Hill-Tout participated in the opening of the Hatzic cairns in the summer of 1894, and reported on the finds in a lecture entitled “An Unique Skull” before the Art, Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver (which had its first public meeting on 15 May 1894). He wrote the first survey of B.C. archaeology in a paper communicated to the Royal Society of Canada by Dr. G. M. Dawson at the meeting of 15 May 1895 and published in the Transactions (item #3 below). This paper indicates that he had already made at least one trip to Lytton.

Public lectures listed for 1895, organized by the Art, Historical and Scientific Society, include two by Hill-Tout: “Indian Folklore” and “The Mind.”

1896–1909

“‘But throughout all this scholastic period I still retained my love of the land,’ the Professor recalled, ‘and I had bought a quarter section of land near Abbotsford, upon which two of my sons still farm.¹³ You see I come of a land-loving stock. Upon this land we built a log house, beautifully situated in the midst of virgin forest, and the family spent the summers there. Many of these trees were 11 feet through at the butt. Later I bought out another settler, who had already built a fine farmhouse on the land, and moved my family from Vancouver to the farm. My other children were born there. We built my barn on the first place from shakes and boards which we made from the cedars on the place. I split the shakes and boards for that bam myself. In those days it was not possible to get milled lumber, so they had to be split with a wooden hammer, and the boys carried them to the spot where the barn was to be built.’

“For three more years Professor Hill-Tout carried on educational work in Vancouver while the family lived near Abbotsford, and then, in 1899, he went to live there entirely and gave up scholastic work and took up the study of ethnology in all his leisure time.”

His earliest ethnological field-trip specifically reported on was to the Squamish Mission reserve in North Vancouver in the summer of 1896; the paper was communicated to the the Royal Society by Dr. G. M. Dawson on 23 June 1897 and published in the Transactions (item #4 below).

The British Association for the Advancement of Science decided at its Liverpool Meeting of 1896 to create a Committee for an Ethnological Survey of Canada, in anticipation of the Toronto Meeting of the following year. Dr. G. M. Dawson was Chairman, and Hill-Tout was nominated to the Committee. He prepared a paper for the 1897 meeting, “Historical and Philological Notes on the Indians of British Columbia,” which was unfortunately lost and could only be announced by title.¹⁴ He had also sent the “Benign-face” legend, obtained from Chief Mischelle of Lytton.¹⁵ This was passed on to the London Folklore Society and was subsequently published in Folk-Lore (item #8 below).

Hill-Tout met Franz Boas in Vancouver in June 1897, and worked with Harlan I. Smith in Lytton for a few weeks.¹⁶ For the Ethnological Survey of Canada Committee Report the following year (1898, around June-July), he could report the following: “I send in some notes on the folklore of this district [item #6 below] which I have sought to record whenever possible on the lines suggested by the English Committee, and trust they will be found useful. I enclose a set of (3) photographs in duplicate of a rock painting found on a cliff about twenty miles from Vancouver. The Indians of the neighbourhood know nothing of it or of its meaning. I venture no opinion upon it myself.¹⁷ In my next report I hope to have more to communicate. I have in hand the following:— 1. Report on the Archaeology of Lytton and its neighbourhood. 2. Folklore stories from same area. 3. Vocabulary and Grammar notes on the Ntlakapamuq [Thompson]. 4. Vocabulary and Grammar notes on the Squamish and Matsqui, Yale and other divisions of the Salish. 5. Ancient tribal divisions and place-names. 6. An account of a great confederacy of tribes in the Salish region of Chilliwack.

“I regard the collection of vocabularies and grammar notes from every dialect and sub-dialect as imperatively necessary for linguistic comparison. The lack of these has caused me the loss of much valuable time and retarded my own labours in this … l … . . In this connection it gives me pleasure to inform the Committee that several of the leading anthropologists of Australasia have accepted the evidence of Oceanic affinities of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish stocks as set forth by me in a paper presented at the recent meeting of the Royal Society of Canada [see item #5 below]. Dr. Carroll, the editor of the Australasian Anthropological Journal, in particular regards the evidence as practically conclusive.

“The photographic and anthropometric work of the Survey I hope to begin next month, the camera and instruments for which have just come to hand.

“In concluding this report I desire to call the attention of the Committee to the fact that much important archaeological work is awaiting development here for lack of funds to carry it on; the necessity for energetically prosecuting which, without further delay if it is to be done at all, I cannot impress too strongly upon all who are interested in this work of the Survey. Every month sees valuable records defaced and obliterated, either by relic hunters or by the progress of civilisation, and the day is not far distant when all trace of the past life and conditions of the aborigines such as are contained in the middens and mounds will be entirely swept away.”¹⁸

During 1898 Hill-Tout gave a talk to the Art, Historical and Scientific Society of Vancouver on “Our Forerunners in British Columbia” (paper of the same title published much later, item #33 below). He was elected First Vice-President of the Society.

For the 1899 report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada Hill-Tout submitted his full-scale account of the Thompson (item #9 below). The secretary’s report states: “The important studies of Mr. Hill-Tout have been prosecuted under considerable difficulties, but with the most painstaking care. They represent, for the most part, material which is altogether new, while those which cover ground previously worked over embody results in such a way as to preserve their value as contributions to our knowledge of these people. One of the principal difficulties met with by Mr. Hill-Tout has been the reluctance of the Indians to submit themselves to the process of measurement, or even, under satisfactory conditions, to the camera.”¹⁹

The following year (1900) Hill-Tout submitted his Squamish work (item #12 below); the Committee Report, presumably written by the Secretary, G. M. Dawson, states: “Much attention has been given to the language, which has not heretofore been seriously investigated, and which shows numerous grammatical and other peculiarities. Mr. Hill-Tout’s work, in fact, constitutes a very important local contribution to the ethnology of the native races of the west coast.”²⁰

During 1901 Hill-Tout finished and wrote up his Fraser Valley Halkomelem notes, and submitted them; but they were held over till the year following for publication (see items #14 and 17), the Committee Report being abbreviated by the death of G. M. Dawson on 2 March 1901. The Committee recommended that Hill-Tout be appointed Secretary to fill the vacancy.²¹

Loading Pack Horses, photographer probably Hill-Tout at Lytton.

The Report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada for 1902 includes the following statement: “Mr. Hill-Tout has continued to carry on his investigations among the Salish of British Columbia under greater difficulties than usual during the past year. Two of the three tribes which he has at present under observation were quarantined on account of an outbreak of small-pox among them just at the season when it was most convenient for him to be examining them. This and the shortness of the funds with which he was provided to prosecute the work have proved most serious obstacles to the completion of his report appended, and which is to be taken as a 'report of progress’ only. The work has been carried out on similar lines to those followed last year, and much labour and care have been given ungrudgingly to it. His studies have been directed in particular to the Nutsak [Nooksack], the Macqui [Matsqui], and the Siciatl [Sechelt]. Those last are a coast people differing in speech and in many of their old customs from the contiguous Salish bands. The study of their dialect promises to add to our knowledge of the Salish tongue, and to reveal many interesting grammatical features. Within their boundaries they have also peculiar archaeological remains in the form of stone enclosures, an account and full description of which will be found in the report appended hereto.” The Nooksack and Matsqui reports are not extant. The Sechelt report was “read” at the 1903 meeting of the British Association, but nothing more from the Ethnological Survey of Canada was to be published by them. The Sechelt and Hill-Tout’s subsequent reports were published by the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (see item #22 etc. below). The 1902 report ends: “It is encouraging to report that the Government of British Columbia has recognised the value and importance of Mr. Hill-Tout’s work, and has this year assisted him by a grant of $150 towards his field expenses.”²²

“In order to get the material for these reports, Professor Hill-Tout had often to live among the Indians and gather first hand information about them and their past, customs, habits and totemic beliefs. … I recall that upon one occasion a young chief of the Chehalis Indians, who had been recently married, and his wife gave up their bedroom to me and also their bedding while they slept upon the floor of the kitchen for two weeks,' observed the professor. There are eleven linguistic divisions of the Salish stock, and from time to time as the years went by, I visited each of these and gathered all possible information that could be secured from the oldest of the Indians. It is a fact that, if this had not been done at the time, much interesting knowledge about our Indians would have been lost to us, for almost all the elderly people of that period have passed away and the young Indians of today — with a few exceptions — take no interest in their past. … In the matter of language I pointed out the linguistic difference of the various tribes, elaborated their grammar and collected their vocabulary terms. In some instances, over 2000 words were in common use. My method was to write down the stories they told me, phonetically, then give the interlinear literal translation of it, and afterwards a free translation because the literal translation was too brief and bald, as so much of the significance of their language lay in the tone of voice and gesticulation. I lived among the Indians in order to gain their confidence and goodwill and I found them willing to impart the information I desired" (University of British Columbia typescript).

In the period 1902–06, Hill-Tout did field work among the Chehalis, Scowlitz, Lillooet, the Lekwungen of Victoria, the Island Halkomelem (Cowichan), and the Okanagan. These reports, with the Sechelt, constitute the five major contributions published by the Royal Anthropological Institute (see items #22, 23, 24, 27, 29 below). As the letter from E. Sidney Hartland (printed below) indicates, Hill-Tout was not in good health at this time; and the Okanagan proved to be his last field work (1906). The report was written up for the Winnipeg meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1909) and finally published in 1911.

In the midst of all this, Hill-Tout was appointed Justice of the Peace in Abbotsford on 20 April 1903 (certificate in Vancouver Museum).

This period of intense ethnological activity was capped by three major items of public recognition: (1) Hill-Tout was invited to give a paper at the meeting of the American Anthropological Association in San Francisco on 29 August 1905, subsequently published in the American Anthropologist (item #25); (2) he was invited to contribute the article on the Coast Salish in the ethnological survey of all Canada, edited by Franz Boas for the Ontario Ministry of Education (see item #26); and (3) Constable & Co. of London commissioned him to write one of their series on The Native Races of the British Empire (see item #28). In addition, he was made a fellow of the American Ethnological Society on 9 November 1908.

1909–1925

“As a lecturer upon Anthropology and cognate subjects Professor Hill-Tout has been in frequent demand for many years past, and his lecture tours have carried him to many parts of the American continent. He possesses the happy faculty of being able to appeal in a popular way to a general audience, no matter how complicated and scientific his subjects. This is notably apparent in his lecture upon The Origin and History of our Alphabets.' His musical and cultured voice and admirable choice of words have added to his popular appeal. One of his most successful lectures was delivered on May 27th 1915, to an audience of 500 people in the ballroom of the Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, when the Duke of Connaught, then Governor-General of Canada, was one of the audience. His subject was The Antiquity of Man in the Light of Modern Discoveries.' Upon that occasion an Ottawa newspaper in the course of its report observed, The lecturer dealt fascinatingly with his subject and proved that sometimes a study which is popularly supposed to be “dry” can be made exceedingly absorbing.' One of his most popular lectures is that upon the buried city of Quirigua in Central America. He is one of the leading authorities upon Totemism' and was quoted several times by Frazer in the latter’s monumental work upon that subject. Occasionally he has broken away in his lecturing from his scientific subjects, as in his lecture ‘Shakespeare, the Age, the Man and the Poet’" (University of British Columbia typescript).

In this period of public exposure, Hill-Tout’s major lectures and/or publications are as follows:

(a) February 1910, lecture to Vancouver Art, Historical and Scientific Society on “History of Totemism.”

(b) Lecture at the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America in Pittsburgh, 27–29 December 1911 (for abstract, see item #30); elected Vice-President of the Institute’s Canadian Department.

(c) March 1912, lecture to Vancouver Art, Historical and Scientific Society on “Antiquity of Man — Recent Archaeological Researches.”

(d) Lecture tour for the Archaeological Institute of America, Western Circuit, March 21 to April 17, 1913 in San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Fe, Denver, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle. Subject: “The Hieroglyphic Writings of the Ancients” or “Have We Found the Source of the Phoenician Alphabet?” (Illustrated with stereopticon).

(e) Lecture in Edmonton, reported in Edmonton Journal 1 July 1913.

(f) Read paper at Ottawa meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association 5 September 1913 on “Government Aid to Agriculture” (see item #31 below).

(g) Newspaper interview 24 May 1914 Daily News-Advertizer “Totems and Their Significance.”

(h) Contribution to a international symposium on Totemism announced in Anthropos 9 (1914) p. 287 – cancelled because of the war.

(i) March 1915, lecture to Vancouver Art, Historical and Scientific Society on “Totemism and Totem Poles.”

(j) Delivered the “Popular Lecture” at the meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, May 1915, “The Antiquity of Man in the Light of Modern Discoveries.”

(k) January 1916, lecture to the Art, Historical and Scientific Society (Vancouver) on “Romance of Archaeology.”

(l) Elected Vice-President of Section II of the Royal Society of Canada at May 1921 meeting (having been a member since June 1913), and gave an address: “The Phylogeny of Man from a New Angle,” published in the Transactions (item #35 below).

(m) Presided at Section II of the Royal Society of Canada May 1922 meeting; elected President.

(n) Two lectures at the Progressive Business Men’s Club, Portland, Oregon, 10,31 May 1923.

(o) Presidential Address, Section II of the Royal Society of Canada, May 1923, Ottawa; published in Transactions (item #36 below).

(p) “New Trends in Anthropology” — address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, 7 August 1924; reported in Science 60 (1924) p. xii of Supplement.

(q) Series of articles in the New Westminster Columbian [not checked] is apparently the material from which Hill-Tout compiled his book, Man and his Ancestors in the Light of Organic Evolution (1925-item #37 below).

Hill-Tout at Excavation of a Cairn near Harmon Mills, 1932.

“With the advent of the Great War, several of the Professor’s sons went overseas with the Canadian forces, and he himself enlisted … and managed to get as far as Montreal, when his age was discovered and he was not permitted to go on further. So he returned to Vancouver and the farm, which he ran during the war.”²³

1926–1944

“I am a Vancouverite myself. I contribute to your revenues both directly and indirectly. I have seen this city, of which we are all so justly proud, grow from a village to her present leading position. My faith in her future has never wavered. I believe she is destined to play a great and important part in the future of this province and the Dominion" (Hill-Tout quoted in the University of British Columbia typescript).

In a six-year period Hill-Tout contributed nine articles to the Vancouver Museum and Art Notes (items #38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43,44,45, 48 below). He became a Director of the Art, Historical and Scientific Society in December 1928, an Honorary Life Member in January 1931, President from 1934–44.

Hill-Tout participated in two archaeological digs: (1) the opening of a cairn near Harrison Mills in 1932, reported with photograph in a pamphlet produced for the Fifth Pacific Science Congress in Vancouver, June 1933 (item #49); and (2) at a site in the Middle Columbia River, reported in the Wenatchee Daily World 8 June 1934, when Hill-Tout also gave a talk to the Columbia River Archaeological Society; the finds are reported in Hill-Tout’s articles for the Illustrated London News and the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (items #50,51 below).

He continued to pursue his aim of popularizing scientific ideas, in the Illustrated London News (items #46, 50, 52 below) and in a series of articles for the Vancouver Morning Star during 1938–39 (manuscripts and clippings in Vancouver Museum).

In 1935 his name was proposed to the University of British Columbia Senate for LLD (Hon.), but the suggestion was not acted upon.²⁴

“Apart from his contributions to the scientific and literary life of this community, Professor Hill-Tout has taken an active part in the social life of the city, and his extraordinary vitality, which has been apparent even since he has reached four-score years, and his keen interest in people and affairs of the day, have taken him into many walks of life. Of quite recent years he has been, and still is, the very popular president of The Happier Old Age Society, which has a membership of beween five and six hundred; and presiding at its meetings he has been at his wittiest" (University of British Columbia typescript).

Hill-Tout remarried in March 1941,²⁵ his first wife having died in October 1931. He died in Vancouver on 30 June 1944, aged eighty-five.

With Rev. Dr. Raley at the old Vancouver Museum, Main and Hastings.

[1] “The Study of Language” Proceedings of the Canadian Institute 5 (1886–7) pp. 165–173

[2] “Some Psychical Phenomena Bearing Upon the Question of Spirit Control” Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 11 (1895) pp. 309–316

[3] “Later Prehistoric Man in British Columbia” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2nd series, 1 (1895) Sect. II pp. 103–122

[4] “Notes on the Cosmogony and History of the Squamish Indians of British Columbia” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2nd series, 3 (1897) Sect. II pp. 85–90

[5] “Oceanic Origin of the Kwakiutl-Nootka and Salish Stocks of British Columbia and Fundamental Unity of Same, with Additional Notes on the Dene” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2nd series, 4 (1898) Section II pp. 187–231

[6] “Haida Stories and Beliefs” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 68 (1898) pp. 700–708

[7] Letter on Salish dialect, American Anthropologist 11 (November 1898)p.346

[8] “‘Sqaktktquaclt,’ or the Benign-faced, the Oannes of the Ntlaka-pamuq, British Columbia” Folk-lore 10 (June 1899) pp. 195–216

[9] “Notes on the Ntlakapamuq of British Columbia, a Branch of the Great Salish Stock of North America” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 69 (1899) pp. 500–584

[10] “Short Review and Notes on the Second Volume of the Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History” American Antiquarian 21 (1899) pp. 146–149 [on Boas'Mythology of the Bella Coola Indians]

[11] “Notes on the Prehistoric Races of British Columbia and their Monuments” British Columbia Mining Record (Christmas Supplement, 1899) pp. 6–23

[12] “Notes on the Skqomic of British Columbia, a Branch of the Great Salish Stock of North America” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 70 (1900) pp. 472–549

[13] “The Origin of the Totemism of the Aborigines of British Columbia” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2nd series, 7 (1901) Sect. II pp. 3–15

[14] “America: Ethnography” Man 1 (1901) pp. 164–165 [being a summary of the report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada, and an abstract of the paper on the “Mainland Halkomelem”]

[15] “Curious and Interesting Marriage Customs of Some of the Aboriginal Tribes of British Columbia” American Antiquarian 24 (1902) pp. 85–88 [material from the Ethnological Survey reports of 1899 and 1900]

[16] “Communal Houses in British Columbia” American Antiquarian 24(1902) p.107

[17] “Ethnological Studies of the Mainland Halkomelem, a Division of the Salish of British Columbia” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 72 (1902) pp. 355–449

[18] “Earlier Home of the Bella Coola Tribe” American Antiquarian 24 (1902) pp. 403–404 [from Report (1902)]

[19] “Kitchen Middens on the Lower Eraser” American Antiquarian 25 (1903) pp. 180–182 [material from the British Association 1902 report]

[20] “Totemism: A Consideration of its Origin and Import” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2nd series, 9 (1903) Sect. II pp. 61–99

[21] “Indians and Their Traditions” in Vancouver, British Columbia: The Sunset Doorway of the Dominion (Vancouver Tourist Association 1903) n.p.

[22] “Report on the Ethnology of the Siciatl of British Columbia, a Coast Division of the Salish Stock” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 34 (January-July 1904) pp. 20–91

[23] “Ethnological Report on the Stseelis and Skaulits Tribes of the Halkomelem Division of the Salish of British Columbia” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 34 (July-December 1904) pp. 311–376

[24] “Report on the Ethnology of the Stlatlumh of British Columbia” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 35 (January-June 1905) pp. 126–218

[25] “Some Features of the Language and Culture of the Salish” American Anthropologist n.s. 7 (1905) pp. 674–687

[26] “The Salish Tribes of the Coast and Lower Eraser Delta” in Annual Archaeological Report 1905 ["being part of Appendix to the Report of The Minister of Education Ontario"] (Toronto 1906) pp. 225–235 [= item 10 of “Ethnology of Canada and Newfoundland” edited by Franz Boas]

[27] “Report on the Ethnology of the South-Eastern Tribes of Vancouver Island, British Columbia” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 37 (July-December 1907) pp. 306–374

[28] The Native Races of the British Empire. British North America. I. The Far West, the Home of the Salish and Dene London: Archibald Constable and Company 1907 (263 pp., 33 pi.) [Reviewed by A. F. Chamberlain in American Anthropologist n.s. 9 (1907) pp. 602–604]

[29] “Report on the Ethnology of the Okanaken of British Columbia, an Interior Division of the Salish Stock" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 41 (January-June 1911) pp. 130–161

[30] “Neolithic Man in British Columbia” [abstract only] American Journal of Archaeology 16 (1912) pp. 102–103

[31] “Government Aid to Agriculture” Papers and Proceedings of the Canadian Political Science Association 1 (1913) pp. 20–26

[32] “The Native Races of British Columbia” chapter XVIII of eds. F. W. Howay and E. O. S. Scholefield British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present Vol. I (Vancouver 1914) pp. 573–591 [same material as his book of 1907]

[33] “Our Forerunners in British Columbia” Journal [of the Art, Historical and Scientific Association] (Vancouver, 1917) pp. 18–31

[34] “Foreword” to Lionel Haweis Tsoqalem, the Cowichan Monster Vancouver: Citizen Printing and Publishing Co. 1918 [A ballad based on a Cowichan tale collected by Hill-Tout]

[35] “The Phylogeny of Man from a New Angle” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 15 (1921) Sect. II pp. 47–82

[36] “Recent Discoveries and New Trends in Anthropology” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 17 (1923) Sect. II pp.1–27 [Presidential Address]

[37] Man and His Ancestors in the Light of Organic Evolution Van-ouver: Cowan Brookhouse Limited 1925

[38] “Some Recent Phases and Trends in Anthropology” Museum Notes 3 (December 1928) pp. 19–23

[39] “The Story of the Most Unique Fossil Beds Known to Science” Museum and Art Notes 4 (March 1929) pp. 11–16

[40] “Myth of Salmon Coming to Squamish Waters” Museum and Art Notes 4 (June 1929) pp. 62–64 [From British Association Report of 1900 p. 581]

[41] “Indian Masks and What They Signify” Museum and Art Notes 4 (September 1929) pp. 91–93

[42] “Is There a Fundamental Difference in Racial Aptitudes and Capacities, and Does the Mind of the Savage Differ Essentially from That of the Savant?” Museum and Art Notes 4 (December 1929) pp. 149–157

[43] “The Great Fraser Midden” Museum and Art Notes 5 (September 1930) pp. 75–83

[44] “Prehistoric Burial Mounds of British Columbia” Museum and Art Notes 5 (December 1930) pp. 120–126

[45] “Recent Developments in Anthropology ”Museum and Art Notes 6 (March 1931) pp. 14–22

[46] “British Columbian Ancestors of the Eskimo? Interesting Discoveries in the Prehistoric Kitchen Middens of British Columbia, 1932” Illustrated London News (16 January 1932) pp. 90–92

[47] “Vancouver Two Thousand Years Ago” Vancouver Province (17 January 1932) p. 1

[48] “A Unique Native Carving” Museum and Art Notes 1 (June 1932) pp. 3–5

[49] Monuments of the Past in British Columbia, a pamphlet published to “commemorate the Meeting of the Fifth Pacific Science Congress at Vancouver, B.C.” June 1933 [= Museum and Art Notes Vol. VII Supplement No. 5 (June 1933)]

[50] “Revelations of the Stone Age in North America: Relics on Old Indian Camp-sites in the Middle Columbia River Region, Astoundingly Rich Artifacts” Illustrated London News (20 October 1934) pp. 608–611

[51] “The ‘Moses Coulee’ Pipe” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 29 (1935) Sect. II pp. 219–224

[52] “The Art of the ‘Wolves of the Sea’” Illustrated London News (15 August 1936) pp. 287–289

[53] An Address Given at Marpole on the Formal Presentation of the Midden Cairn to the City by His Honour Judge Howay [1 May 1938] — issued as a pamphlet with the title The Great Fraser Midden by the Vancouver Art, Historical and Scientific Society, 1938

[54] Series of articles for the Vancouver Morning Star [Vancouver Museum has manuscripts and clippings, one dated 27 December 1938 entitled “Startling Theory on Continents”]

1 Buckley’s article in British Columbia Magazine (March 1913) is itself journalistic and skimpy, but it led to his being chosen for the more substantial biography in volume 4 of Howay and Scholefield’s British Columbia from Earliest Times to the Present (1914). The fact that these Who’s Who entries had the approval of the ladies and gentlemen who were their subjects does not seem to ensure reliability in this case, where Hill-Tout’s place of birth is given erroneously as Plymouth.

2 I am indebted for this information to James E. Hill-Tout, who secured a copy of the birth certificate during a visit to England. During his life-time, Hill-Tout was apparently content to have it believed that he was born at Tout-Buckland in Devonshire “of a family” as Noel Robinson wrote in the Province (23 June 1934) “dating back to the Conquest.” No doubt Devon was his ancestral county.

3 This and subsequent quotations (except where indicated) are from the typescript in the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia.

4 See “Some Psychical Phenomena Bearing Upon the Question of Spirit Control” (below), and discussion in the Introduction to the present volume.

5 This statement that he attended lectures should be taken literally, since Hill-Tout has nowhere made the claim that he was a matriculated student at Oxford University.

6 The marriage was in 1882. Mrs. Hill-Tout had been educated in a girls’ private school in Cardiff.

7 In the announcement for “Toronto Collegiate Day and Boarding School for Boys, 46 and 48 Yorkville Ave., Toronto,” Hill-Tout as Principal states: “This school is established after the model of the English Preparatory Schools, and aims at laying the basis of a sound liberal education and preparing its pupils for the further and higher Collegiate Courses” (card in Vancouver Museum papers).

8 The Vancouver Museum papers include Hill-Tout’s notes for lectures on Shakespeare to be given at Whetham College. A printed pamphlet, in the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia, lists the courses for Winter Term 1892, including a lecture on “The Human Voice” by Hill-Tout on 8 February 1892.

9 Quoted from “The Art, Historical and Scientific Association of Vancouver, B.C.,” anonymous article in Museum Notes Vol. I No. 2 (June 1926) p. 4.

10 University of British Columbia typescript. Hill-Tout’s leaning towards theological controversy at this time is evidenced by a manuscript notebook among the Vancouver Museum papers, in which he has drafted a review of some recent lectures by Huxley, and two letters to editors, one to Open Court, and the other to Secular Thought dated 15 May 1894. I have been unable to confirm whether or not these letters were actually printed.

11 See the publication of this paper in the present volume, and discussion in the Introduction. A letter from Mr. Myers of the International Congress of Experimental Psychology (in the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia) dated 24 October 1892 includes the comment: “I should indeed very greatly care to have the case of prescience of which you speak, with the fullest corroboration which you can obtain.” The correspondence there with Mrs. Alice Bodington of Hatzic should also be consulted on this topic.

12 See the discussion of the “Great Fraser Midden” in volume III of the present edition; also the correspondence with Franz Boas below.

13 See James E. Hill-Tout’s account in The Abbotsford Hill-Touts (1976). Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia holds Hill-Tout’s homestead entry for a quarter of section 7 township 16 East of Coast Meridian, dated 11 July 1895. For the typescript’s account of Hill-Tout’s logging enterprises, see the Introduction to volume I of the present edition.

14 A letter in the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia from John L. Myers of the British Association Section H (Anthropology) dated 25 August 1897 states: “I have not been able to trace it. It was duly announced, however, and taken as read.” See Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 67th Meeting (1897) p. 791; also Ethnological Survey of Canada, First Report of the Committee, p. 440.

15 This was presumably the paper for which Hill-Tout received a $25 prize from the Folklore Society of Montreal in February 1897 (letter in Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia). It was read at the meeting of the London Folklore Society on 21 June 1898.

16 Hill-Tout’s relationship to the Jesup Expedition is discussed in the Introduction to volume I of the present edition; see also letters to Franz Boas below.

17 Included in the list of papers delivered or “read” at the Belfast meeting of 1898 was “On Some Rock-Drawings from British Columbia” by C. Hill-Tout -Report (1898) p. 1016.

18 Second Report of the Committee on an Ethnological Survey of Canada, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 68th Meeting (1898) pp. 698–699.

19 Report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 69th Meeting (1899) p. 498.

20 Report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 70th Meeting (1900) p. 470.

21 Report of the Ethnological Survey of Canada, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 71st Meeting (1901) pp. 409–411.

22 Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 72nd Meeting (1902) pp. 353–354. On B.C. government support, see correspondence with Charles F. Newcombe (4 March 1901) below.

23 Vancouver Museum papers include a scroll from “the Vagabonds,” bidding him farewell as he leaves for the East to “serve under arms,” 27 September 1916. He was thus aged fiftv-eight at the time.

24 This information comes from a note written by Lionel Haweis (see item No. 34) on the occasion of presenting Hill-Tout papers to the Special Collections Library of the University of British Columbia.

25 The Vancouver Sun printed a news item in its edition of 7 March 1941 (p. 24) with the headline: “Romance That Began at Picnic in Park.”