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Pursuing the matter further, we find that there are the widest discrepancies in costs due to differences in the subjects taught, to differences in the number of pupils assembled in class, and to other less conspicuous differences.

In order to bring out the differences between subjects in the same school, Professor Bobbitt has calculated the cost, per thousand student hours, of instruction in twenty-five medium-sized high schools, and presents in Table IV the median22 cost of each subject.

TABLE IV. COST, PER THOUSAND STUDENT HOURS, OF INSTRUCTION IN HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE VARIOUS SUBJECTS OF THE CURRICULUM23

Subjects	Median Cost
Shopwork	$93
Normal training	92
Latin	71
Commercial	69
Modern languages	63
History	62
Household occupations	61
Science	60
Mathematics	59
English	51
Agriculture	48
Music	23

Translating this table into the form of a series of questions which school authorities and communities must face, we may ask: Is it desirable that shopwork be supplied in a school when it costs nearly twice as much as English? Is Latin enough better than modern languages to justify its retention in the program of a school when it costs eight dollars more per unit of instruction?

Like series of facts for the elementary schools can be borrowed from an unpublished study by Mr. G. Lee Fleming of Hibbing, Minnesota, and are reproduced in Table V. Certain selected facts are also exhibited in Fig. 5. The table shows that reading absorbs nearly two thirds of the expenditures of the first grade, while in the third grade the same subject gets a little less than one third of the expenditures, and in the sixth grade about one sixth. Opening exercises require about the same expenditure in all grades. Geography comes into prominence first in the fourth grade. A study of the table will show that financial statements of this type are indexes of academic organization.

TABLE V. THE PORTION OF EACH THOUSAND DOLLARS SPENT FOR INSTRUCTION IN EACH SUBJECT IN EACH OF THE FIRST SIX ELEMENTARY GRADES24

Subjects	First Grade	Second Grade	Third Grade	Fourth Grade	Fifth Grade	Sixth Grade	Average
Reading	$611	$407	$307	$240	$150	$156	$312
Arithmetic	5	101	176	187	181	190	140
Language	95	110	126	130	178	105	124
Music	86	90	84	67	58	67	75
Spelling	3	92	90	93	80	71	71
Geography	—	—	9	102	124	152	64
Writing	49	68	61	61	52	59	58
Drawing	60	80	55	66	32	42	56
Manual arts	—	—	23	9	60	76	28
Opening exercises	34	21	23	21	24	25	25
Physical culture	11	—	15	14	40	39	20
Folk dancing	11	22	25	—	—	—	10
Hygiene	—	3	6	10	11	13	7
Construction work	28	—	—	—	—	—	5
History	—	—	—	—	10	5	2
Handwork	4	6	—	—	—	—	2
Sense training	3	—	—	—	—	—	1
Total	$1000	$1000	$1000	$1000	$1000	$1000	$1000

Fig. 5. Distribution in the various grades of each thousand dollars expended for instruction

The relative expenditure in six grades of the schools of Hibbing, Minnesota, for four of the chief school subjects is shown by the height of the columns