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Charles Thomas Cruttwell. The History of Roman Literature
The History of Roman Literature
Table of Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
BOOK I. FROM LIVIUS ANDRONICUS TO SULLA (240–80 B.C.) CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
BOOK II
PART I. THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
PART II
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
BOOK III. THE DECLINE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS, A.D. 14–180. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. LIST OF EDITIONS RECOMMENDED
INTRODUCTION
BOOK I
CHAPTER I. ON THE EARLIEST REMAINS OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER II
ON THE BEGINNINGS OF ROMAN LITERATURE
CHAPTER III
THE INTRODUCTION OF GREEK LITERATURE—LIVIUS AND NAEVIUS (240–204 B.C.)
CHAPTER IV
ROMAN COMEDY—PLAUTUS TO TURPILIUS (254–103 B.C.)
CHAPTER V
ROMAN TRAGEDY (ENNIUS—ACCIUS, 239–94 B.C.)
CHAPTER VI
EPIC POETRY. ENNIUS—FURIUS (200–100 B.C.)
CHAPTER VII
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SATIRE (ENNIUS TO LUCILIUS) 200–103 B.C
CHAPTER VIII
THE MINOR DEPARTMENTS OF POETRY—THE ATELLANAE (POMPONIUS AND NOVIUS, CIRC. 90 B.C.) AND THE EPIGRAM (ENNIUS—CATULUS, 100 B.C.)
AD PAMPHILAM
AD PUERUM PHILEROTA
CHAPTER IX
PROSE LITERATURE—HISTORY. FABIUS PICTOR—MACER (210–80 B.C.)
APPENDIX
CHAPTER X
THE HISTORY OF ORATORY BEFORE CICERO
CHAPTER XI
OTHER KINDS OF PROSE LITERATURE, GRAMMAR, RHETORIC, AND PHILOSOPHY (147–63 B.C.)
BOOK II
THE GOLDEN AGE. FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF CICERO TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS (63 B.C.-14 A.D.) PART I. THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD. CHAPTER I. VARRO
Book I.—On the origin of the Latin language
APPENDIX
I
II
III
I
II
CHAPTER II
ORATORY AND PHILOSOPHY—CICERO (106–43 B.C.)
APPENDIX
I
II
CHAPTER III
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL COMPOSITION—CAESAR—NEPOS—SALLUST
APPENDIX
CHAPTER IV
THE HISTORY OF POETRY TO THE CLOSE OF THE REPUBLIC—RISE OF ALEXANDRINISM—LUCRETIUS—CATULLUS
APPENDIX
PART II
THE AUGUSTAN EPOCH (42 B.C.-14 A.D.) CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER II
VIRGIL (70–19 B.C.)
APPENDIX
CHAPTER III
HORACE (65–8 B.C.)
CHAPTER IV
THE ELEGIAC POETS—GRATIUS—MANILIUS
CHAPTER V
PROSE-WRITERS OF THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD
Book I. General description of the science—education of the architect—best choice of site for a citydisposition of its plan, fortifications, public buildings, &c
APPENDIX
BOOK III
THE DECLINE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS (14–180 A.D.) CHAPTER I. THE AGE OF TIBERIUS (14–37 A.D.)
CHAPTER II
THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO (37–68 A.D.) 1. POETS
CHAPTER III
THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO. 2. PROSE WRITERS—SENECA
CHAPTER IV
THE REIGNS OF CALIGULA, CLAUDIUS, AND NERO. 3. OTHER PROSE WRITERS
APPENDIX
CHAPTER V
THE REIGNS OP THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS (A.D. 69–96) 1. PROSE WRITERS
APPENDIX
CHAPTER VI
THE REIGNS OF VESPASIAN, TITUS, AND DOMITIAN (A.D. 69–96) 2. POETS
APPENDIX
CHAPTER VII
THE REIGNS OF NERVA AND TRAJAN (96–117 A.D.)
CHAPTER VIII
THE REIGNS OF HADRIAN AND THE ANTONINES (117–180 A.D.)
CHAPTER IX
STATE OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS THOUGHT DURING THE PERIOD OF THE ANTONINES—CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ROMAN LITERATURE, FROM LIVIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS. [1]
LIST OF EDITIONS RECOMMENDED. [7]
FOR THE EARLY PERIOD
FOR THE GOLDEN AGE
THE PERIOD OF THE DECLINE
QUESTIONS OR SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS SUGGESTED BY THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE. [8]
FOOTNOTES
INTRODUCTION
BOOK I. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
[11] III. 20, 8
CHAPTER VII
[12] 201 B.C
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
BOOK II. PART I. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
[35] B. H. 5
CHAPTER IV
[131] C. 68
PART II. CHAPTER I
[32] X. 3. 8
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
[66] I. 898 [67] IV. 935
[69] V. 513
[78] I. 458 [79] II. 58
CHAPTER V
BOOK III. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
[22] A. P. 102
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
[3] I. 5
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
[47] P. 1414
CHAPTER IX
APPENDICES
Отрывок из книги
Charles Thomas Cruttwell
From the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius
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The Second Period represents the highest excellence in prose and poetry. The prose era came first, and is signalised by the names of Cicero, Sallust, and Caesar. The celebrated writers were now mostly men of action and high position in the state. The principles of the language had become fixed; its grammatical construction was thoroughly understood, and its peculiar genius wisely adapted to those forms of composition in which it was naturally capable of excelling. The perfection of poetry was not attained until the time of Augustus. Two poets of the highest renown had indeed flourished in the republican period; but though endowed with lofty genius they are greatly inferior to their successors in sustained art, e.g. the constructions of prose still dominate unduly in the domain of verse, and the intricacies of rhythm are not fully mastered. On the other hand, prose has, in the Augustan age, lost somewhat of its breadth and vigour. Even the beautiful style of Livy shows traces of that intrusion of the poetic element which made such destructive inroads into the manner of the later prose writers. In this period the writers as a rule are not public men, but belong to what we should call the literary class. They wrote not for the public but for the select circle of educated men whose ranks were gradually narrowing their limits to the great injury of literature. If we ask which of the two sections of this period marks the most strictly national development, the answer must be—the Ciceronian; for while the advancement of any literature is more accurately tested by its prose writers than by its poets, this is specially the case with the Romans, whose genius was essentially prosaic. Attention now began to be bestowed on physical science, and the applied sciences also received systematic treatment. The rhetorical element, which had hitherto been overpowered by the oratorical, comes prominently forward; but it does not as yet predominate to a prejudicial extent.
The Third Period, though of long duration, has its chief characteristics clearly defined from the beginning. The foremost of these is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom and consequent loss of interest in public life. At the same time, the Romans, being made for political activity, did not readily content themselves with the less exciting successes of literary life. The applause of the lecture-room was a poor substitute for the thunders of the assembly. Hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hysterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. The vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis, and epigram, which prevails from Lucan to Fronto, owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. With the decay of freedom, taste sank, and that so rapidly that Seneca and Lucan transgress nearly as much against its canons as writers two generations later. The flowers which had bloomed so delicately in the wreath of the Augustan poets, short-lived as fragrant, scatter their sweetness no more in the rank weed-grown garden of their successors.
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