Читать книгу Christmas Stories - Чарльз Диккенс, Geoffrey Palmer, Miriam Margolyes - Страница 6
ОглавлениеAbout the Author
Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England, but had moved to Kent and then to London by the time he was ten years of age. Not long afterwards, his father was arrested and sent to debtors’ prison for spending beyond his means. This marked a transition in Dickens’ early life from one of carefree childhood to one filled with relative uncertainty. Above all, Dickens began to ferment ideas of social injustice and a need for social reform in pre-Victorian Britain. These ideas would become the staple of his literary canon.
He was first published in 1833 at the age of 21. By the time of his death, in 1870, he had completed nineteen (and a half) novels. His final work, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, was only half completed. All of Dickens’ novels were first published in serialized form, which was the orthodox method in his day.
While other writers tended to complete their books first and then divide them into chapters for serialization, Dickens preferred to write his chapters as and when required. This lent itself to his success, because it meant that his prose was naturally tailored to the format of monthly instalments. Rather than having hiatuses randomly placed in the overall storyline according to page counts, Dickens was able to deliberately leave the reader wanting more. In essence he had invented the concept of the literary cliff-hanger. Combined with his enhanced characterizations and fabulist allegory this made for a compelling read, so Dickens became the single most popular author in Victorian Britain.
By his forties, Dickens had taken to touring and giving animated readings of his books to captive audiences, who delighted in his ability to bring his characters to life. This was an extension of the storytelling craft he had learnt as a parent, as he had ten children with his wife Catherine, whom he married in 1836.
As well as being a humanistic novelist, Dickens was also a humanitarian in real life. For example, he gave his support to the abolition of slavery in the USA and helped to establish a home of the redemption for ‘fallen’ women in England, which meant those women who had resorted to crime and prostitution to find their way in life, but had ended up in debtors’ prisons, common prisons or workhouses.
A hostel named Urania Cottage was established in London, where these women were given a second chance. They were clothed and fed, provided with education and taught the skills to be able to find domestic employment.
Needless to say, Dickens rubbed shoulders with many extreme characters due to his work with the ‘fallen’ in society. Due to his celebrity, he also met many people at the other end of the spectrum, so there was no shortage of people upon whom to base his fictitious characters.
In 1865 Dickens was involved in a rail crash at Staplehurst, Kent, in which ten people died and many more were injured. Dickens was not hurt but his efforts to help the injured and dying left him with post-traumatic stress disorder for the remaining five years of his life. On that fateful day he had been travelling with his lover, Ellen Ternan. Dickens had separated from his wife in 1858 when Catherine found out about his affair with the younger woman, who was 18 years his junior. He managed to keep Ellen a secret from society by never appearing in public with her and keeping her hidden in houses rented under false names. He knew very well that Victorian society would not have held a favourable view of his domestic arrangements. His infidelity would have caused an absolute scandal, especially as he was viewed as a highly virtuous and moralistic man. Falling in love with another was simply not acceptable behaviour, especially as Queen Victoria had remained steadfastly loyal to the memory of her beloved Prince Albert since his demise in 1861 and would continue to do so until her own death in 1901.
Dickens died of a stroke exactly five years following the rail crash at the age of 58 years old. He wished to be buried in a modest and private manner, but his funeral was a rather grand affair at Westminster Abbey.
The Victorian Era
The work of Charles Dickens is rather unusual in that it has become something of a social document of the Victorian era in Britain. That is because his books are a primary point of reference to anyone wondering about what it was like to have lived at that time. Consequently, Dickens’ imagined Victorian world is largely perceived by many as a real world, filled with exaggerated characters in extreme circumstances. The result is an odd set of paradoxes. For example, the Victorians are generally understood to have been austere and pious in the extreme, but the truth is that they lived in a highly progressive society where people were pushing the boundaries of behaviour and questioning the role of religion.
Dickens’ version of Victorian society came from his requirement for idiosyncratic characters to make his stories work more effectively in evoking emotional responses in the reader. It is fair to assume that they were based on the personalities of people he had met, so there was an element of truth, but Dickens’ boiled them down to amplify the traits he was most interested in and remove the traits superfluous to literary requirements. In effect, Dickens’ Victorian world is a cartoon, where the more mundane, mediocre and prosaic details serve only as a neutral backdrop, while the colourful characters are allowed to distract the attention.
It can be no coincidence that Dickens himself was an accomplished performer. He was the William Shakespeare of the Victorian age, both writing and taking to the stage as a storyteller. This makes it easy to understand why his characters had such pronounced identities, because Dickens would mentally assume different roles whilst storytelling, both on paper and when treading the boards.
As any parent or teacher will attest, it is quite necessary to exaggerate characters with gestures and voices while storytelling to capture the imagination of the audience and leave no confusion about who is who. This is exactly what Dickens was doing, so that his version of the Victorian world became one of overblown polarity: villains and do-gooders, the devout and the morally fallen, the wealthy and the poor, the beautiful and the ugly, the selfish and the selfless. Those who fall ‘somewhere between’ truly are the silent majority in Dickensian Britain.
Christmas Stories
Although A Christmas Carol has become synonymous with Dickens and is the quintessential Victorian Christmas story, Dickens wrote a number of other Christmas-themed tales over his career, both novellas and short stories. The publication of his novellas The Chimes (1844) and The Cricket on the Hearth (1845) followed shortly after A Christmas Carol, which had been well received in 1843. All of the so-called ‘Christmas books’ were published in book form rather than serialized in the press, as many of his other works had been.
The festive season – to many a period of calm and reflection – is used as a framework for Dickens’ stories which contemplate moral and ethical issues of the utmost importance at the time. Profound societal shifts had occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution, leading to ubiquitous poverty in cities, unhygienic living conditions and high infant mortality rates. Dickens wanted to address these problems by penning stories that might inspire a general sense of social responsibility among the classes who were most likely to read his literature and have the power to enact change.
An understanding of the historical context in which his literary works were written gives the reader a broader framework to appreciate Dickens’ literary motivations. As both a social commentator and a storyteller, Dickens was fairly unusual for his time. The Chimes, the first novella to follow A Christmas Carol, was highly anticipated, and received mixed reviews on publication. Many critics aligned themselves with Dickens’ politics, but others considered them too radical for the times. The Cricket on the Hearth was written quickly, in just over a month, and was considered more overtly sentimental than his previous Christmas books.
Three short stories in this collection are taken from Household Words, a popular weekly magazine edited by Charles Dickens in the 1850s in which he included an annual Christmas tale – by this point he had stopped writing standalone Christmas books. Many were attributed to the author alone (‘A Christmas Tree’ from the first 1850 edition, and ‘What Christmas Is, As We Grow Older’, from 1851), but some were collaborations with other writers. ‘Seven Poor Travellers’, published in the 1854 edition, was written with Wilkie Collins, among others.
‘A Christmas Dinner’ – an early essay published in 1835 when Dickens was a young man, and his first with Christmas at its heart – complements these stories. Since this pre-dates A Christmas Carol by almost a decade, it implies that Dickens was already inspired by many of the ideas found in his most popular seasonal tale. The sheer number of festive stories produced during the 1840s and 50s indicate that their appeal did not wane, either for Dickens or the Victorian reader.
