Читать книгу Geometric Modeling of Fractal Forms for CAD - Christian Gentil - Страница 3

1 IntroductionFigure I.1. 3D tree built by iterative modeling (source: project MODITERE no. AN...

2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Schematic illustration of self-similarity. The black tree can be see...Figure 1.2. An example of a self-similar object composed of five copies of itsel...Figure 1.3. The self-similarity property, as shown in Figure 1.2, is symbolized ...Figure 1.4. Hausdorff distance. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...Figure 1.5. Example of self-similarity involving non-contractive transformations...Figure 1.6. The Cantor set successively represented at the iteration levels from...Figure 1.7. Cartesian product of two Cantor sets successively represented at ite...Figure 1.8. The Sierpinski triangle successively represented at iteration levels...Figure 1.9. The Menger sponge successively represented at iteration levels from ...Figure 1.10. Example of Romanesco broccoli consisting of seven self-similar elem...Figure 1.11. On the left-hand side, we provide a few examples of self-similarity...Figure 1.12. Example of a decomposition of an L-shape into several similar eleme...Figure 1.13. Example of self-similarity. The object on the left-hand side has a ...Figure 1.14. Lattice structure of the attractors. On the left, the lattice struc...Figure 1.15. An example of a connection between two attractors. The green attrac...Figure 1.16. The evaluation tree of the attractor of the IFS computed at the thi...Figure 1.17. Example of the parameterization of the attractor in Figure 1.13. On...Figure 1.18. Example of a transport mapping that defines a morphism of IFS. For ...Figure 1.19. Example of mapping between two attractors using the transport map. ...Figure 1.20. Attractor defining the parameter space for the Sierpinski triangle ...Figure 1.21. Automaton of an IFS . The transition i is associated with the tran...Figure 1.22. Example of a three-state automaton inducing a restriction of the se...Figure 1.23. Both images represent the attractors defined from the same transfor...Figure 1.24. Other examples of attractors built from the same automatons as thos...Figure 1.25. Automaton generating the union of two attractors. Transitions 0 and...Figure 1.26. The internal structure of the Menger sponge. On the left, the inter...Figure 1.27. Automaton describing the structure of the image on the right-hand s...Figure 1.28. Example of a two-state automaton: the □ is divided into four △ and ...Figure 1.29. Construction of the sequence converging to the attractor of the aut...Figure 1.30. Approximation of the automaton attractor of Figure 1.28 obtained wi...Figure 1.31. Evaluation tree developed at level 2, for the attractor of the auto...Figure 1.32. Example of a third-degree B-spline surface defined from a grid of c...Figure 1.33. The surface, at the top right, is a smooth B-spline surface and has...Figure 1.34. Example of a curve constructed based on an FIF. The parallelepipeds...Figure 1.35. Barycentric space. On the left, the barycentric space of dimension ...Figure 1.36. Cantor set built in the barycentric space BI² using the IFS compose...Figure 1.37. Sierpinski triangle built in the barycentric space BI³. For a color...Figure 1.38. Example of projections of the Sierpinski triangle. The attractor is...Figure 1.39. Example of a two-state automaton. The □ is divided into three □ and...Figure 1.40. Three different projections of the attractor described by the autom...Figure 1.41. Automaton defining the attractor in the barycentric spaces and perf...Figure 1.42. Curve of the “Takagi” type, defined from three control points and t...Figure 1.43. Incidence constraints. On the left: Three curves of the “Takagi” ty...Figure 1.44. Example of the construction of a connection between the subdivision...Figure 1.45. Automaton integrating the cellular decomposition of a curve subdivi...Figure 1.46. Tree for a curve. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....Figure 1.47. Quotient graph for a curve. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 1.48. Example of curves generated for different parameter values. For a c...Figure 1.49. Attractor built from the IFS whose subdivision operators correspo...Figure 1.50. Subdivision structure of the tile. For a color version of this figu...Figure 1.51. Automaton for the subdivision of a quadrangular surface. For a colo...Figure 1.52. Cell structure of a quadrangular tile. For a color version of this ...Figure 1.53. Example of a quadrangular surface. For a color version of this figu...Figure 1.54. Example of a quadrangular surface bordered by Bezier curves with an...Figure 1.55. Example of a quadrangular surface structure bordered by Bezier curv...Figure 1.56. Example of a surface structure with fractal topology, obtained from...Figure 1.57. Example of the quadrangular surface bordered by Bezier curves with ...Figure 1.58. Example of curves projected into the modeling space , following th...Figure 1.59. Example of curves projected into the modeling space , following th...Figure 1.60. Example of curves projected into the modeling space , following th...Figure 1.61. Example of a network of control points for a triangular surface tha...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. “Standard” automaton for a curve. Transitions referred to by the sym...Figure 2.2. Examples of curves constructed using two transformations. The contro...Figure 2.3. A tree illustrating another possibility for connecting the subdivisi...Figure 2.4. Comparison of the effect of the two types of connection, standard an...Figure 2.5. Examples of curves constructed using three transformations whose ver...Figure 2.6. Examples of von Koch curves constructed with two transformations (to...Figure 2.7. Left-hand column: for the first figure, the first subdivision point ...Figure 2.8. Automaton describing a CA curve subdivided into a CA-type curve and ...Figure 2.9. Example of a curve obtained with two mutually referenced states acco...Figure 2.10. Tree illustrating the construction of a connection for a wired stru...Figure 2.11. Example of two wired structures built from the incidence and adjace...Figure 2.12. Examples of wired structures. The diagrams above each shape represe...Figure 2.13. Diagram of the cellular decomposition of a quadrangular surface wit...Figure 2.14. Example of subdivision of a quadrangular surface with “non-standard...Figure 2.15. Connections to build a Hilbert/Peano curve. The red circles show th...Figure 2.16. Example of a curve attempt that satisfies the adjacency relations i...Figure 2.17. Subdivision of a quadrangular surface satisfying the constraints of...Figure 2.18. Example of a Hilbert/Peano surface, defined from the subdivision of...Figure 2.19. The diagram on the right-hand side presents the quadrangular subdiv...Figure 2.20. To achieve a quadrangular surface from two subdivisions, we need to...Figure 2.21. Automaton symbolizing the subdivision system of a quadrangular surf...Figure 2.22. Example of a quadrangular surface with two subdivisions. For this i...Figure 2.23. Standard triangular subdivision. The triangular face is subdivided ...Figure 2.24. Standard triangular subdivision, but with connections differing fro...Figure 2.25. Pentagonal subdivision. On the left, the incidence relations are sy...Figure 2.26. On the left, incidence relations are symbolized using red dotted li...Figure 2.27. Cellular decomposition and subdivision of the Sierpinski triangle. ...Figure 2.28. Cellular decomposition and subdivision of the Sierpinski triangle w...Figure 2.29. Example of a Sierpinski triangle whose face, edges and vertices hav...Figure 2.30. Example of a Sierpinski triangle whose edges are uniform quadratic ...Figure 2.31. Penrose tiling of the “kite” type at iterations 1, 2, 3 and 6. For ...Figure 2.32. Topological subdivision diagram of the faces and edges representing...Figure 2.33. Example of 3D surfaces constructed from the topological subdivision...Figure 2.34. Examples of the Menger sponge, represented with three iteration lev...Figure 2.35. Example of the construction of a 2D tree structure, consisting of t...Figure 2.36. Subdivision process of the tree structure of Figure 2.35 and cell d...Figure 2.37. Automaton describing the iterative construction process of the tree...Figure 2.38. Examples of projection of the tree’s topological structure, defined...Figure 2.39. Subdivision process of a tree structure whose trunk is subdivided i...Figure 2.40. Automaton describing the iterative construction process of the tree...Figure 2.41. Example of a tree structure whose trunk (green) is not subdivided (...Figure 2.42. Simplified representation of the incidence and adjacency relations ...Figure 2.43. 3D tree built on the principle of space tiling(source: project MODI...Figure 2.44. Example of assembling fractal structures (built from an octagonal f...Figure 2.45. Example of an assembly of triangular surface structures. The basic ...Figure 2.46. Examples of assemblies of pentagonal fractal faces following a dode...Figure 2.47. Assembly of 10 3D Penrose tilings of the “kite”-type to form the co...Figure 2.48. Examples of assemblies built from Menger sponges and manufactured b...

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. On the left is an example of a quadratic Bezier curve, defined by th...Figure 3.2. C-IFS automaton whose attractor is a Bezier curve. This automaton si...Figure 3.3. Illustration of the self-similarity property of uniform quadratic B-...Figure 3.4. Blending B-spline functions of the second degree. Their support is o...Figure 3.5. The control points (P₀, P₁, P₂, P₃) and the knot vector (u₀, u₁, u₂,...Figure 3.6. Subdivision scheme obtained by duplication of knotsFigure 3.7. Automaton of the C-IFS representing the iterative process of a secon...Figure 3.8. From left to right: The non-uniform quadratic curve defined from fou...Figure 3.9. Automaton of the C-IFS representing the subdivision of a third-degre...Figure 3.10. The top diagram represents the knot interval vector of a curve of d...Figure 3.11. Illustration of the extraction of the knot vectors from the two cur...Figure 3.12. Subdivision process of a NURBS surface of degree 2, obtained by the...Figure 3.13. Automaton of the C-IFS representing the subdivision of a NURBS surf...Figure 3.14. C-IFS automaton whose attractor is a subdivision curve built from t...Figure 3.15. Approximations of a uniform cubic B-spline curve for levels 0 to 6:...Figure 3.16. Refinement of a regular control mesh. In red: Minimal control mesh ...Figure 3.17. Self-similarity of the refined mesh. Each of the four blue sub-mesh...Figure 3.18. Automaton of a subdivision surface for the Doo–Sabin schemeFigure 3.19. Refinement of an irregular control mesh. In red: Minimal control me...Figure 3.20. Self-similarity of the refined mesh. In blue, the four sub-meshes o...Figure 3.21. Automaton of a surface subdivision for the Doo–Sabin scheme with an...Figure 3.22. Adjacency and incidence constraints. On the left: Example of an adj...Figure 3.23. Control points defining one of the irregular edges. The irregular e...Figure 3.24. Illustration of incidence and adjacency constraints for an irregula...Figure 3.25. Representation of the topological subdivision process of an irregul...Figure 3.26. Cell decomposition of an irregular tile. The constraints are repres...Figure 3.27. Subdivision of an irregular tile with an irregular face of six side...Figure 3.28. Catmull subdivision of a regular tileFigure 3.29. The four sub-meshes of 4 × 4 control points are represented in blue...Figure 3.30. Example of an irregular mesh with a vertex of valence five. After r...Figure 3.31. Illustration of the Loop subdivision. Figure 3.31(a) is an illustra...Figure 3.32. Refinement of a regular control mesh for the Loop scheme. The struc...Figure 3.33. Self-similarity of the refined mesh for the Loop scheme. Decomposit...

5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Example of the user interface of “MODITERE”, the iterative modeler d...Figure 4.2. Example of orientation constraints of edges for the definition of th...Figure 4.3. Example of configuration of edge orientation for the attractor of Fi...Figure 4.4. Issues in the orientation of edges. On the left, the connection for ...Figure 4.5. Definition and application of the permutation operator. On the left,...Figure 4.6. Construction of a connection between two edges of opposite orientati...Figure 4.7. The three curves have a single internal dimension, and vertices of d...Figure 4.8. The definition of the connections for volume cells can prove complex...Figure 4.9. Illustration of the definitions of face permutations: on the left, a...Figure 4.10. Examples of construction of the topological tensor product. For a c...Figure 4.11. Example of cellular decomposition of a tensor product of two curves...Figure 4.12. Automaton of the curve aFigure 4.13. Quotient graph of curve aFigure 4.14. Automaton of a surface automatically generated from the automatons ...Figure 4.15. Quotient graph of a surface induced by adjacency relations combinin...Figure 4.16. Quotient graph obtained from adjacency relations on incidence opera...Figure 4.17. Automaton of a volume structure obtained by tensor product of three...Figure 4.18. Example of an automatically generated tree, whose leaves will perfe...Figure 4.19. First stages of subdividing a tree bordered by a curveFigure 4.20. The types of subdivisions of the tree depend on the types of edge s...Figure 4.21. Automaton representing a tree structure whose set of leaves is divi...Figure 4.22. Double trees bordered by quadrangular surfacesFigure 4.23. Example of surface obtained by the tensor product of a NURBS curve ...Figure 4.24. Automaton representing the construction of a connection structure b...Figure 4.25. Connection subdivision process. The red, green and blue mesh, respe...Figure 4.26. Connections built between different pairs of surfaces: a Doo–Sabin ...Figure 4.27. Example of a lacunar surface, co-imagined by architects (IBOIS-EPFL...Figure 4.28. Example of the definition of a 2D lacunar structure by tiling the p...Figure 4.29. Example of construction of the Menger sponge. In red, the cube is d...Figure 4.30. Lacunar structures obtained by removing the central part of a regul...Figure 4.31. Menger–Excoffier sponge with walls of the same thickness between ea...Figure 4.32. The Menger–Excoffier sponge is built from two subdivision systems o...Figure 4.33. For the Menger–Excoffier sponge, the two 3D subdivision systems are...Figure 4.34. “Triangle”-type cells have been added to the structure of Figure 4....Figure 4.35. Design of a lacunar structure from two types of cell: a tetrahedron...Figure 4.36. Two copies of the 3D lacunar topological structure obtained from th...Figure 4.37. Prototypes designed by assembly of tetrahedral structures shown in ...Figure 4.38. Illustration of the topological subdivision of the lacunar face. Fo...Figure 4.39. Lacunar face at iteration levels 3 (on the left) and 4 (in the cent...Figure 4.40. Illustration of the cellular decomposition and the subdivision proc...Figure 4.41. Example of the design of a lacunar structure, built from a truncate...Figure 4.42. Example of filling using porous volumes. On the left, the geometry ...Figure 4.43. Examples of the design of lacunar structures through the assembly o...Figure 4.44. Assembly according to the structure of a diamond. On the left, an e...Figure 4.45. Examples of rough surfaces. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 4.46. Example of a variant of the Von Koch curve filling up almost an ent...Figure 4.47. Example of a rough, or even chaotic, surface, designed on the princ...Figure 4.48. Both surfaces are designed from the same topological structure as s...Figure 4.49. Example of a self-supporting hull, built by wood panel assembly (IB...Figure 4.50. On top, prototype of the thermal exchanger manufactured in aluminum...Figure 4.51. Construction of the display primitive linking two levels of the exc...Figure 4.52. Internal structure of the switch. For a color version of this figur...