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Chronology

IN ADDITION to matters with which J.R.R. Tolkien was directly concerned, the Chronology includes selected events from the wider history of the world, as useful points of reference. Subjects marked with an asterisk (*), for the most part only at their first mention, are treated more fully in the Reader’s Guide volumes of the Companion and Guide. Dates are given as precisely as possible, qualified if approximate (c. = circa) or uncertain (?). Here it has seemed appropriate to refer to the young Tolkien as ‘Ronald’ before he went up to Oxford (October 1911), and thereafter usually as ‘Tolkien’. Unless otherwise noted, ‘Gilson’ refers to Robert Q. (Rob) Gilson, ‘Smith’ to Geoffrey Bache (G.B.) Smith, and ‘Wiseman’ to Christopher Wiseman, three of Tolkien’s closest friends during his schooldays and the First World War.