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A truly powerful feature of the shell is the capability to redirect the input and output of commands to and from other commands and files. To allow commands to be strung together, the shell uses metacharacters. A metacharacter is a typed character that has special meaning to the shell for connecting commands or requesting expansion.

Metacharacters include the pipe character (|), ampersand (&), semicolon (;), right parenthesis ()), left parenthesis ((), less than sign (<), and greater than sign (>). The next sections describe how to use metacharacters on the command line to change how commands behave.