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Commands for moving, copying, and deleting files are fairly straightforward. To change the location of a file, use the mv command. To copy a file from one location to another, use the cp command. To remove a file, use the rm command. These commands can be used to act on individual files and directories or recursively to act on many files and directories at once. Here are some examples:

 $ mv abc def $ mv abc ~ $ mv /home/joe/mymemos/ /home/joe/Documents/

The first mv command moves the file abc to the file def in the same directory (essentially renaming it), whereas the second mv command moves the file abc to your home directory (~). The next mv command moves the mymemos directory (and all its contents) to the /home/joe/Documents directory.

By default, the mv command overwrites any existing files if the file to which you are moving exists. However, many Linux systems alias the mv command so that it uses the -i option (which causes mv to prompt you before overwriting existing files). Here's how to check if that is true on your system:

 $ alias mv alias mv='mv -i'

Here are some examples of using the cp command to copy files from one location to another:

 $ cp abc def $ cp abc ~ $ cp -r /usr/share/doc/bash-completion* /tmp/a/ $ cp -ra /usr/share/doc/bash-completion* /tmp/b/

The first copy command (cp) copies abc to the new name def in the same directory, whereas the second copies abc to your home directory (~), keeping the name abc. The two recursive (-r) copies copy the bash-completion directory and all of the files it contains, first to new /tmp/a/ and /tmp/b/ directories. If you run ls -l on those two directories, you see that for the cp command run with the archive (-a) option, the date/time stamps and permissions are maintained by the copy. Without the -a, current date/time stamps are used, and permissions are determined by your umask.

The cp command typically also is aliased with the -i option in order to prevent you from inadvertently overwriting files.

As with the cp and mv commands, rm is also usually aliased to include the -i option. This can prevent the damage that can come from an inadvertent recursive remove (-r) option. Here are some examples of the rm command:

 $ rm abc $ rm *

The first remove command deletes the abc file; the second removes all of the files in the current directory (except that it doesn't remove directories and/or any files that start with a dot). If you want to remove a directory, you need to use the recursive (-r) option to rm or, for an empty directory, you can use the rmdir command. Consider the following examples:

 $ rmdir /home/joe/nothing/ $ rm -r /home/joe/bigdir/ $ rm -rf /home/joe/hugedir/

The rmdir command in the preceding code only removes the directory (nothing) if it is empty. The rm -r example removes the directory bigdir and all of its contents (files and multiple levels of subdirectories), but it prompts you before each is removed. When you add the force option (-f), the hugedir directory and all of its contents are immediately removed, without prompting.