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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART ONE

1.The Nature of Leadership in Late Antiquity

Previous Scholarship on the Role of Bishops in Late Antiquity

A New Explanatory Model: Spiritual, Ascetic, and Pragmatic Authority

2.Pragmatic Authority

The Early Church Orders

1 Timothy 3 and Its Interpretations

Treatises on Ecclesiastical Leadership

3.Spiritual Authority

Carriers of the Gifts of the Spirit

Spiritual Leadership and Prayer

Carrying the Burdens of Others’ Sins

4.Ascetic Authority

The Importance of the Desert

Moses as the Biblical Model of Leadership

Monks as Bishops and Bishops as Monks

PART TWO

5.Bishops in Action

Synesius of Cyrene and Theodore of Sykeon

The Episcopate: Work or Honor?

6.Social Contexts

Bishops of Modest Background

Education

Bishops of Curial Background

Bishops of Senatorial Background

Family Traditions of Ecclesiastical Officeholding

The Correlation of Wealth and Ecclesiastical Office

The Permeability of Civic and Ecclesiastical Office

7.Cities

The Bishop’s Residence

Bishops and Wealth

Episcopal Expenditure

8.Empire

Constantine’s Legacy

The Manumission of Slaves (Manumissio in ecclesia)

Episcopal Courts (Episcopalis audientia)

Ecclesiastical Asylum

Access to the Emperor: Parrhēsia of Bishops and Holy Men

9.The Bishop as a New Urban Functionary

From Model Christians to Model Citizens

Bishops and the Curia

Epilogue

NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Secondary Literature

INDEX