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Contents to the front matter

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Abbreviations and Terms

Measures

Hebrew Calendar

Preface

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS

Aram Aramaic

BCE Before the Common Era; traditionally BC: before Christ

CE Common Era; traditionally Anno Domini: year since the Lord's birth

cf compare

chap chapter

DSS Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran

(1QIsaa) Isaiah scroll a in Cave 1 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(1QDeutb) Deuteronomy scroll b in Cave 1 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QDeutb) Deuteronomy scroll b in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QDeuth) Deuteronomy scroll h in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QDeutj) Deuteronomy scroll j in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QDeutq) Deuteronomy scroll q in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QPhyln) Phylactery scroll n in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QSama) Samuel scroll a in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QSamb) Samuel scroll b in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QSamc) Samuel scroll c in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(4QTest) Testimonia in Cave 4 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(8QMez) Mezuza scroll in Cave 8 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

(11QPsa) Psalms scroll a in Cave 11 of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Eth Ethiopic translation of 2 Esdras in the Ge'ez language

Gk Greek

Gk uncertain The meaning of the Greek text is uncertain.

Heb Hebrew

Heb uncertain The meaning of the Hebrew text is uncertain.

Josephus Ant. Works of Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews

Kethib Aramaic term meaning what is written (the written consonantal text)

Lat Latin

LXX Septuagint; Greek translation of Hebrew Bible by seventy translators

LXXA In Samuel, the Greek uncial Alexandrinus

LXXB In Samuel, the Greek uncial Vaticanus

LXXL In Samuel, Lucianic Greek manuscripts

LXXM In Samuel, the Greek uncial Coislinianus

LXXN In Samuel, the Greek uncials Basilianus and Vaticanus

LXX1 In Tobit, the Greek uncial Sinaiticus

LXX2 In Tobit, the Greek uncials Alexandrinus and Vaticanus

LXXa in Sirach the Greek uncials Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, and Vaticanus

LXXb In Sirach the Origenic and Lucianic Greek manuscripts

MT Masoretic Text; the Hebrew Bible

NT New Testament

OL Old Latin; manuscripts in Latin prior to the Vulgate

OT Old Testament

pl plural

Qere Aramaic term meaning what is read aloud (the vocalized text)

Sam Samaritan Hebrew text of the Old Testament

Selah Musical direction of uncertain meaning found in Psalms

Sym Greek version of the Old Testament translated by Symmachus

Syr Syriac, a translation known as the Peshitta in a dialect of the Aramaic language

Tg Targum; Aramaic translation of Hebrew Bible

Vulg Vulgate; standardized Latin version of the Bible

Measures

Capacity and linear measures

ammah length of a forearm, standardized at eighteen inches; traditionally a cubit

bath a liquid measure approximately equivalent to twenty quarts

ephah a dry measure for flour or grains, approximately twenty quarts (five gallons)

etsbah length of the finger or thumb; traditionally a fingerbreadth

hin a liquid measure for wine or water, approximately one gallon

homer the largest dry measure, fifty gallons, equivalent to ten ephah

issaron one-tenth of an unknown weight; possibly an equivalent for omer

kab an unknown measure in 2 Kgs 6:25

kor a dry measure for grain, possibly equal to a homer; approximately fifty gallons as a liquid measure in Ezekiel

litra a Roman pound equal to approximately twelve ounces dry

log a liquid measure for oil in Leviticus, approximately two-thirds of a pint

metretes a liquid measure of approximately ten gallons

milion a mile; a Roman mile was 1,000 paces or approximately 4,855 feet

omer one-tenth of an ephah or two quarts dry

pechon approximately eighteen inches; traditionally a cubit

pim two-thirds of a shekel

qaneh a measuring rod in Ezekiel equivalent to six ammah or nine feet

seah a dry measure of grain, possibly seven and a half quarts but may be smaller amount in Genesis

shearim an unknown dry measure of grain

stadion a Roman linear measurement of approximately 607 feet

tefakh or tofakh width of the hand at the base of the fingers; traditionally a handbreadth or a palm

tsimdo traditionally an acre, the area that a team can plow in a day

zereth distance between tip of thumb to little finger; traditionally a span

Monetary measures

beqa one-half shekel, typically one-fifth of an ounce; ten or twelve gerahs

daric a gold Persian coin named after Darius 1, weighing one-third of an ounce

denarion, denaria (pl) a coin equivalent in value to one day's work

drachme, drachmen (pl) a silver coin equivalent in value to a denarion; also possibly a daric

gerah one-twentieth or one twenty-fourth of a shekel

kikkar a unit of weight in the common shekel system; traditionally a talent

kodrantes a coin equivalent to two lepta

lepto a coin equivalent to one-128th of a denarion

maneh in the Old Testament possibly fifty or sixty sanctuary shekels; in the New Testament a monetary unit equivalent to one hundred denaria

shekel basic measure, typically two-fifths of an ounce, for three monetary weight systems attested in the Old Testament: the royal shekel, the sanctuary shekel, and the common shekel

talanta a coin equivalent to six thousand denaria; traditionally a talent. In the Greek period, one talent is approximately 57 pounds of weight.

qesitah an unknown monetary weight

HEBREW CALENDAR

Hebrew Lunar Month	Gregorian Month
Nisan (also Abib) (first month)	March-April
Iyar (second month)	April-May
Sivan (third month)	May-June
Tammuz (fourth month)	June-July
Av (fifth month)	July-August
Elul (sixth month)	August-September
Tishrei (seventh month)	September-October
Heshvan (eighth month)	October-November
Kislev (ninth month)	November-December
Tevet (tenth month)	December-January
Shevat (eleventh month)	January-February
Adar (twelfth month)	February-March

PREFACE

The King James Version of the Bible was published in 1611. For two centuries the KJV competed for readership with the Geneva Bible. However, by the nineteenth century in America, the KJV would be described as the "common English Bible," because it was the most widely used translation of Christian scripture. Numerous translations have appeared since that time. However, it has proved difficult to combine concern for accuracy and accessibility in one translation that the typical reader or worshipper would be able to understand. Therefore, readers in the twenty-first century, four hundred years after the creation of the KJV, need and deserve a new translation that is suitable for personal devotion, for communal worship, and for classroom study.

The Common English Bible (CEB), completed in 2011, is a fresh translation of the Bible. Some editions include the books of the Apocrypha that are used in Anglican, Orthodox, and Catholic congregations. The translation is sponsored by the Common English Bible Committee, which is an alliance of denominational publishers, including Presbyterian (USA), Episcopalian, United Methodist, Disciples of Christ, and United Church of Christ representatives.

One hundred twenty biblical scholars from twenty-two faith traditions worked as translators for the CEB. In addition, members of seventy-seven reading groups from congregations throughout North America reviewed and responded to early drafts of the translation. As a result, more than five hundred individuals were integrally involved in the preparation of the CEB. These individuals represent the sorts of diversity that permit this new translation to speak to people of various religious convictions and different social locations.

The translators, reviewers, and editors represent the following faith communities: African Methodist Episcopal Church, American Baptist, Anglican, Baptist, Baptist General Conference, Church of the Nazarene, Disciples of Christ, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Free Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church, Free Methodist, Mennonite, Moravian, National Baptist, Presbyterian (USA), Progressive National Baptist, Quaker, Reformed Church in America, Reform Judaism, Roman Catholic Church, Seventh-day Adventist, United Churches of Christ, and United Methodist. The CEB is truly a Bible created by churches and for the Church.

Accuracy and clarity. The CEB translators balance rigorous accuracy in the rendition of ancient texts with an equally passionate commitment to clarity of expression in the target language. Translators create sentences and choose vocabulary that will be readily understood when the biblical text is read aloud. Two examples illustrate this concern for accuracy and clarity.

First, ben 'adam (Hebrew) and huios tou anthropou (Greek) are best translated as "human being" (rather than "son of man") except in cases of direct address, where CEB renders "human one" (instead of "son of man" or "mortal"; e.g., Ezek 2:1). When ho huios tou anthropou is used as a title for Jesus, the CEB refers to Jesus as "the Human One." People who have grown accustomed to hearing Jesus refer to himself in the Gospels as "the Son of Man" may find this jarring. Why "Human One"? Jesus' primary language would have been Aramaic, so he would have used the Aramaic phrase bar enosha. This phrase has the sense of "a human" or "a human such as I." This phrase was taken over into Greek in a phrase that might be translated woodenly as "son of humanity." However, Greek usage often refers to "a son of x" in the sense of "one who has the character of x." For example, Luke 10:6 refers in Greek to "a son of peace," a phrase that has the sense of "one who shares in peace." In the Greek of Acts 13:10 Paul calls a sorcerer "a son of the devil." This is not a reference to the sorcerer's actual ancestry, but it serves to identify his character. He is devilish--or more simply in English "a devil." Human or human one represents accurately the Aramaic and Greek idioms and reflects common English usage. Finally, many references to Jesus as "the Human One" refer back to Daniel 7:13, where Daniel "saw one like a human being" (Greek huios anthropou). By using the title Human One in the Gospels and Acts, the CEB preserves this connection to Daniel's vision.

Second, the phrase "Lord of hosts" (Yahweh sebaoth in Hebrew; Kyrios sabaoth in Greek) appears hundreds of times in older Bibles and persists as an idiom in translations that preserve King James usage. This archaic translation is no longer meaningful to most English speakers. The CEB renders Yahweh sebaoth and Kyrios sabaoth as "Lord of heavenly forces," which conveys accurately the meaning of the Hebrew and Greek phrases by using contemporary English language.

English speakers, especially when telling a story, writing a letter, or engaging in conversation, make frequent use of contractions. As a result, translators have often used contractions, particularly in direct speech, in the CEB. However, formal genres of literature typically do not include contractions. As a result, translators did not include contractions in contexts such as (a) formal trials or royal interviews (socially formal situations), (b) much divine discourse (e.g., Hos 11:9; Exod 24:12), and (c) poetic and/or liturgical discourse (several types of psalms).

Texts. Translators of the Old Testament used as their base text the Masoretic Text (MT) as found in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and the published fascicles of Biblia Hebraica Quinta. For some books the Hebrew University Bible Project was consulted. Judicious departures from the Masoretic Text, based on ancient manuscript (e.g., reading with the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1 Sam 10:27b or Deut 32:8) and versional evidence (e.g., reading with the Septuagint in Gen 4:8), were sometimes necessary. In those situations, in which one may postulate two literary editions of a biblical book, or in which there are major or lengthy differences between the Masoretic Text and other texts or versions (e.g., 1 Sam 17), the CEB translated the edition that became canon in the Masoretic Text.

Translators of the New Testament used as their base text the eclectic Greek text known as Nestle Aland, the twenty-seventh edition, which was published in 1993.

Translators of the Apocrypha faced a more complicated set of choices. Translators generally used the base text presented in the Göttingen Septuagint. For those books not yet published in the fascicles of the Göttingen Septuagint, translators used the 2006 revised edition of Rahlfs' Septuaginta, edited by Robert Hanhart. However, in those instances in which Hebrew texts have survived and offer a better reading (e.g., in Sirach and Tobit), the translator noted alternative readings to the Greek Septuagint. Second Esdras presents a special problem, explained in a footnote about the Latin text.

Footnotes. Translators decided, in certain instances, that they should explain their translations or textual decisions. However, notes are kept to a minimum and are rendered with utmost concision. Such notes when present offer: (a) evidence from ancient texts and versions (e.g., LXX; MT men of); (b) brief philological comment (e.g., Heb uncertain); (c) explanations of anomalies in versification (e.g., Acts 8:37: Critical editions of the Gk New Testament do not include 8:37 Philip said to him, "If you believe with your whole heart, you can be."The eunuch answered, "I believe that Jesus Christ is God's Son."); (d) citations of the Old Testament in the New Testament; and rarely (e) alternative translations (e.g., Or everyone). In those instances in which the Old Testament is cited in the New Testament, the quoted text is set in italic font.

Measurements. When possible, the CEB converts linear and spatial dimensions to feet and inches. Thus archaic terms such as rods, cubits, spans, handbreadths, and fingerbreadths are replaced with feet and inches. For example, Genesis 6:15 gives the dimensions of Noah's ark in 'ammah or "forearms." Most translations since the KJV use the archaic English cubit to translate 'ammah: "the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits." The CEB translates the dimensions of the ark as "four hundred fifty feet long, seventy-five feet wide, and forty-five feet high."

The CEB prefers to transliterate (rather than translate) measurements of capacity, both wet (e.g., bath) and dry (e.g., homer), as well as measurements of weight (e.g., kikkar). When feasible, a footnote is allowed to calculate the rough equivalent in a U.S. English measurement, such as quarts.

Monetary values are inherently relative, and prices are constantly changing. Therefore, the CEB prefers to transliterate (rather than translate) monetary weights (e.g., shekel) and coins (e.g., denarion).

Months in the biblical lunar calendar are transliterated, with a footnote to indicate the approximate month or months in the Gregorian solar calendar (e.g., Nisan is March-April).

Pronouns. In ancient Hebrew and Greek a pronoun is often bound with the verb. If the translator is too literal, the English reader loses the antecedent of the pronoun so that one cannot tell who is speaking or acting in the sentence or paragraph. This problem occurs throughout much biblical literature. The CEB addresses this issue by substituting a noun for a pronoun, but only when the antecedent is clear. Because this problem and its resolution are so common, the CEB usually does not offer footnotes to identify these substitutions. CEB translators also use gender-inclusive or neutral syntax for translating pronouns that refer to humans, unless context requires otherwise.

Consistency. Although translators often try to use the same English word for a Hebrew or Greek word, many words in any language offer a breadth of meanings that do not readily correlate with a single word in the target language. For example, the Hebrew word torah, which has often been translated as Law, is often better translated as Instruction. The same could be said for Sheol (Hebrew) and Hades (Greek). The CEB translates these two terms as "grave" or "death" and "underworld" or "hell," respectively depending on context. A mechanical selection of any one term for words that involve semantic breadth would preclude a translation sensitive to the originating literary context.

The women and men who participated in the creation of the CEB hope that those who read and study it will find the translation to be an accurate, clear, and inspiring version of Christian scripture.

The Editorial Board of the Common English Bible

www.CommonEnglishBible.com

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