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753 BC: Rome is founded

509 BC: Overthrow of Rome’s last king

218 BC: Hannibal the Carthaginian invades Italy

204 BC: Cybele, the Great Mother, is carried to Rome

133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus becomes tribune

91–89 BC: The Social War (Italian allies demand Roman citizenship); Verona becomes a Roman colony

88 BC: Sulla becomes consul. Beginning of the wars with Mithridates, King of Pontus

80s BC: Civil war between Sulla and Marius

c.82 BC: Birth of Gaius Valerius Catullus

81 BC: Sulla is proclaimed dictator

78 BC: Death of Sulla

70s BC: Ongoing conflict between Rome and Mithridates

73 BC: Spartacus leads a slave revolt

71 BC: Crassus defeats Spartacus, Pompey pursues the stragglers

70 BC: Consulship of Pompey and Crassus

67 BC: Pompey vanquishes pirates at sea

66 BC: Pompey succeeds the general Lucullus in spearheading the wars against Mithridates

63: Suicide of Mithridates. Cicero becomes consul. Conspiracy of Catiline

62: Clodius infiltrates the Bona Dea festival

c.61 BC: Catullus moves to Rome

61 BC: Trial of Clodius. Caesar governorship in Further Spain. Pompey, now returned from the East, receives his third triumph

60 BC: Metellus Celer and Lucius Afranius become consuls. Caesar returns from Spain

59 BC: Caesar, now part of a coalition (‘The First Triumvirate’) with Pompey and Crassus, becomes consul alongside Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Death of Metellus Celer

58 BC: Start of Caesar’s Gallic War. Clodius is tribune. Cicero goes into exile. Ptolemy XII Auletes is driven from his throne

57 BC: Catullus goes to Bithynia. After a considerable battle for his recall, Cicero returns to Rome

56 BC: Catullus returns from Bithynia and visits Lake Garda. Trial of Caelius Rufus. The triumvirs hold summits to repair their coalition

55 BC: Pompey and Crassus become consuls again. Opening of the Theatre of Pompey. Caesar’s first invasion of Britain

54 BC: Cato becomes praetor. Crassus leaves for Syria. Caesar’s second invasion of Britain. Death of Pompey’s wife (Caesar’s daughter) Julia

53 BC: The Battle of Carrhae and death of Crassus

c.53 BC: Death of Gaius Valerius Catullus

52 BC: Death of Clodius

49 BC: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, sparking civil war

48 BC: Death of Pompey

44 BC: Death of Caesar