Читать книгу Applied Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics - Daniel J. Denis - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Observing the behavior of a pigeon in a Skinner box.Figure 1.2 “Model fit” as an overlap of data with theory.Figure 1.3 Hebbian Yerkes–Dodson performance–arousal curve.Figure 1.4 Number of O‐ring incidents on boosters as a function of temperatu...Figure 1.5 The “pilot criterion” must be met for any pilot to be permitted t...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Standard normal distribution with shaded area from −1 to +1 stand...Figure 2.2 Shaded area under the standard normal distribution at a z‐score o...Figure 2.3 Fisher's overlay of normal density on empirical observations.Figure 2.4 Binomial distribution for the probability of the number of heads ...Figure 2.5 Binomial distributions approximated by normal densities for 5 (fa...Figure 2.6 Bivariate density. Source: Data from Plotting bivariate normal di...Figure 2.7 A 3D scatterplot with density contour and points (Image is taken ...Figure 2.8 Because the sum of deviations about the arithmetic mean is always...Figure 2.9 The “Beautiful Triangle” as a way to understanding degrees of fre...Figure 2.10 F distribution on 2 and 5 degrees of freedom. It is positively s...Figure 2.11 Student's t versus normal densities for 3 (left), 10 (middle), a...Figure 2.12 Power curves for detecting parameters C₁ and C_2.Figure 2.13 G^*Power output for estimating required sample size for r = 0.10....Figure 2.14 Power curves generated by G^*Power for detecting correlation coef...Figure 2.15 Relationship between Cohen's d and R‐squared.

3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 Sleep onset as a function of melatonin dose (hypothetical). Circl...FIGURE 3.2 Power analysis for fixed effects analysis of variance.FIGURE 3.3 Power curves for fixed effects analysis of variance.

4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 (a) Cell means for teacher*textbook on achievement. (b) Distances...FIGURE 4.2 Generic two‐way analysis of variance layout. The two‐way factoria...FIGURE 4.3 A simple main effect: Mean difference of textbook at level 1 of t...

5 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 Francis Galton. Innovator of correlation and regression.FIGURE 7.2 Galton’s 1886 correlational surface.FIGURE 7.3 Regression line of child on parent.FIGURE 7.4 Linear regression of Y on X, where s_y and s_x are the standard dev...FIGURE 7.5 Galton data adjusted to show no correlation.FIGURE 7.6 Linear regression of child height on parent height.FIGURE 7.7 Least‐squares regression line of Y on X (a). Dotted line is the n...FIGURE 7.8 Absence of correlation between residuals and predicted values (a)...FIGURE 7.9 Evidence of heteroscedasticity of errors.

6 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 Model selection unofficially begins with the selection of p candi...FIGURE 8.2 Classic single‐variable mediation model.

7 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1 Hypothesized slope of treatment success on length of treatment fo...FIGURE 9.2 Length of treatment and age interact in predicting treatment succ...FIGURE 9.3 Relationship between sales and price using OLS (a) versus mixed m...

8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Hypothetical nonlinear relationship between suicide attempts and...Figure 10.2 Logistic “sigmoid” function.Figure 10.3 Example of a simple exponential function.Figure 10.4 Exponential functions with increasing base b > 1 (a) and 0 < b <...Figure 10.5 Graph of f(x) = 2^x (solid line) and f(x) = 2^−x (dotted lin...Figure 10.6 Graph of y = log₂(x). Note the steep rise then plateau.Figure 10.7 Effect plot for predicting O‐ring failure as a function of tempe...

9 Chapter 11FIGURE 11.1 (a) Collinear vectors. (b) Noncollinear vectors.

10 Chapter 12FIGURE 12.1 Fisher’s discriminant function analysis of the Iris data.FIGURE 12.2 Multiplication of a vector by a scalar of 2.

11 Chapter 13FIGURE 13.1 Basic principal components analysis where E1 and E2 are extracte...FIGURE 13.2 Pearson’s 1901 depiction of minimizing perpendiculars. Each P₁, ...FIGURE 13.3 Principal component line of best fit versus least‐squares regres...FIGURE 13.4 Scree plot for Pearson’s data.FIGURE 13.5 Scree plot for eight‐component problem on cormatrix.FIGURE 13.6 Vertical distances are minimized in least‐squares regression.

12 Chapter 14FIGURE 14.1 Orthogonal rotation in two dimensions where the new axes are ind...FIGURE 14.2 Plot of height and weight (a). Identifying similarity (b).FIGURE 14.3 Dendrogram of clustering (a). Possible final solution (b).FIGURE 14.4 Dendrograms for single linkage (a) and complete linkage (b) clus...

13 Chapter 15FIGURE 15.1 Path diagram modeling predictability of IQ across generations.FIGURE 15.2 Sewall Wright’s guinea pig path diagram of 1920.FIGURE 15.3 Burks’ path diagram hypothesizing parental intelligence and envi...FIGURE 15.4 Wright’s generic path diagram.FIGURE 15.5 Simple structural equation model.FIGURE 15.6 Bollen’s classic structural equation model on industrialization ...FIGURE 15.7 Weight (a) is less of a latent variable (indicated by smaller ci...