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This introductory chapter has surveyed a few of the more salient concepts related to applied statistics. We have surveyed and reviewed the logic of statistical inference, why inference is necessary even in the age of “big data,” as well as discussed some of the fundamental principles, both mathematical and philosophical, on which applied statistics is based. In the following chapter, we begin our discussion of Python software, the software used to demonstrate many of the methods surveyed in the book. The software, however, any software, is not in any way a panacea to understanding what underlies its use. As we will discuss in the following chapter, what is most essential is to first understand the statistical procedures and concepts that underlie the code used to communicate and run these procedures.