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1 1 Herodotus, Histories 2.19–26.

2 2 Seneca, Natural Questions 4a.2.22.

3 3 E.g. Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, ch. 2: “Does it require any deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views, and conception, in one word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the condition of his material existence …?” See Skinner (1969), who comes to a subtler and less dogmatic, but still similar, conclusion.

4 4 See Kragh (1987: 89–107), who uses the more precise terms ‘diachronical’ and ‘anachronical’ (in place of ‘anachronistic,’ a pejorative term).

5 5 Aristotle Metaphysics I, chs. 3–10.