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A novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was identified in December 2019 as the cause of respiratory illness and other morbidities and was designated Coronavirus Disease 2019, or Covid‐19.

The Covid‐19 pandemic was raging worldwide in 2020. Figure 1.5 depicts illustrative infection and casualty data from the COVID‐19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), retrieved on 7 December 2020. Airline travel has been dramatically impacted; Figure 1.6 is a personal photo at Newark Airport, 21 October 2020, at 1:09 p.m.