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Membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer in many different ways. This has to do with their functions as well as their structure. The figure below shows the most common liaisons that occur (Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6. The various ways proteins can associate with the cell membrane.

Thus membrane proteins can associate with the inside only, the outside only or they may pass right through the membrane. In the latter case, some proteins contain a single lipid-spanning domain (single pass) while others have several (multipass). Proteins may be linked to the membrane by a glycolipid or phospholipid anchor. Proteins that are linked to or embedded in the cell membrane may associate with other proteins (protein-protein interactions) either on the inner or outer face of the membrane. Proteins can also interact directly with lipids in the bilayer. Specific examples of each of these associations will be discussed in subsequent chapters.