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2.1 A Conceptualization of Respect

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“A nation’s reputation is clearly very important, just as important as its economic or military power” (Pang, as cited in Shirk, 2008, p. 107).

The analysis at hand seeks to address the aforementioned empirical and theoretical blind spot by rendering some pioneering work, including a method-guided and extensive identification and critical qualification of respect dynamics in Chinese elite discourses on the South China Sea dispute. This section first provides a rough conceptual approximation to individual and national respect, thereby also introducing related cognitive concepts and approaches. Subsequently, it discusses why and under which circumstances actors generally strive for respect and in what context disrespect experiences are especially probable to occur. In addition, cognitive effects caused by and common response patterns in response to disrespect experiences are examined. The consecutive section then contains a brief overview of the concepts of face, face-work and its traditional role in Chinese culture. Subsequently, the project’s hypotheses, which are closely related to or derived from the analytical respect framework, are set out. Ultimately, the final section deals with questions of operationalization, particularly regarding the implementation of the respect and disrespect identification process.

How Sentiment Matters in International Relations: China and the South China Sea Dispute

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