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The experienced bonsai grower knows that if a tree looks seedy, it is likely to have something to do with the roots. It might be that they are growing in an environment that is either too wet or too dry; they may have been damaged by frost or by insect larvae. Also, the roots may have been overfed; or perhaps they are not able to gather enough nutrients or minerals from poor soil. All these points will be covered in greater depth, in later chapters.

A bonsai tree may fail to thrive because the roots are not properly structured. To survive in bonsai pots, trees need short, thick roots for winter storage and masses of the finest feeding roots with which to gather in moisture and nutrients. Medium-sized roots that are neither thick enough to be used as storage hampers nor fine enough to feed with should be kept to a minimum. Correct root pruning and excellent soil guarantee a strong, efficient root system and, therefore, a tree that is in peak condition.