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1  1 This book uses the abbreviation ‘LGBTQ+’ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning or other personal identity label) to describe a range of sexual and gender identities (Parent et al. 2013).

2  2 Although earlier terminology to reflect binary divisions between affluent and low-income countries was ‘First World’ and ‘Third World’, today other terms are used, depending on context, including ‘developed’ and ‘under-developed’ or ‘developing’ countries; ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’, and ‘high-income’ and ‘low-income’ countries, are also used to reflect these distinctions. These terms, used in this book, have been critically assessed from various perspectives in international development studies (see Horner 2020).

3  3 In anthropology, matriarchy means a society in which descent and inheritance are traced through the family line. In sociology, it tends to refer to a woman who dominates a group or activity.

4  4 In anthropology, patriarchy means ‘rule of the father’ with descent, kinship and title through the male line. In sociology, it extends to include systems of society in which men have authority over women and children.