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Contents

List of figures, tables and boxes

Foreword

1 The dilemma of affordable housing and big cities

Introduction

Five key premises

Housing processes across time and space: recognising the links

2 Mismatches between incomes and housing costs: a global condition

Introduction

Learning from southern Africa

Urban incomes and hard limits on housing expenditure

3 Affordable urban housing and the role of basic standards

Housing standards: the necessity of a double-edged sword

Informal housing and building standards

What standards are appropriate?

4 Private-sector urban housing provision: formal and informal

Formal-sector, large-scale, for-profit housing

Variations in owning versus renting in the private sector

Informal-market ‘affordable’ housing

5 Squaring the circle: social housing programmes and affordable rents

Introduction

Matching the gap between low incomes and market rents

6 Squaring the circle: affordable urban homeownership

Subsidising homeownership

‘Recognising’ informal and unplanned settlements: ‘quiet encroachment’ and homeownership

Sidestepping informality: the site-and-service approach to homeownership

Transferring public housing to homeowners

7 Global finance, big cities and unaffordable housing

Introduction

Commercialising the priorities of public housing authorities

Middle-income poaching, downward raiding, regeneration and gentrification

The subprime mortgage crisis and the 2008 financial crash: catastrophic feedback loops

8 Broken cities: unaffordable housing as the norm?

Introduction

Policy responses: handouts for the middle classes and attacks on housing subsidies for the poorest

Squaring the circle by squeezing the space

9 Broken cities, broken households: the demographic impacts of unaffordable housing

Introduction

Squaring the circle by squeezing the right to family life

10 Conclusion

Trends in global income, urban demography and ideologies: a perfect storm for housing affordability?

Appendix 1: Bloomberg Housing Affordability Index

Appendix 2: Total housing cost overburden rate among low-income households in OECD countries

Notes

Index