Читать книгу Now You Know Royalty - Doug Lennox - Страница 11

What is the difference between the terms imperial and royal ?

Though the word royal is often used to refer to all monarchs, it correctly only refers to a monarch of a kingdom and his or her family. Thus an empire has an imperial family (Japan), a kingdom (or dominion) has a royal family (United Kingdom, Canada), and a principality has a princely family (Monaco).

Quickies

Did you know …

• that dominion and realm are synonyms for kingdom?

Where did the rulers of China and Japan get the title Emperor ?

The title was adopted from the West. It was the descriptive term applied to them by Europeans and, in that sense, it, too comes from the Roman Empire. The Chinese and Japanese themselves had a quite different name for their rulers — the “Son of Heaven.”

What was the first imperial dynasty of China?

The short-lived Ch’in dynasty, whose ruler, Shih Huang-Ti, was the first emperor. The dynasty gave its name to China.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Caesar (Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar) is the root for the titles tsar (Russia), kaiser (Germany), and shah (Iran)?

Which king was styled Emperor of Britain?

King Edgar, one of the Saxon monarchs. Empire does not inherently mean a geographically large entity as it is used in popular parlance. It means independent of any other sovereignty. “This England is an Empire,” declared Henry VIII by statute. Kings were originally subordinate to emperors.

Was the British monarch ever Emperor or Empress of the British Empire?

Although there was a British Empire, there has not been a “British Emperor” or “Empress” since 1066, and the title has remained King or Queen. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India, though, in 1877, and the title Emperor of India was borne by the next four monarchs — Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, and George VI. India became a dominion under King George VI, and a republic before Elizabeth II came to the throne, so George VI was the last Emperor of India.

What does the word king mean?

King comes from the Old English word cyning. It means “scion of the kin” or “son of the kindred,” the kindred being sacral royalty who were seen as the kin of the gods. Cyning is connected with the Old Norse word konungr, a combination of kin and ung meaning “descendant.” The German word for king — kõnig — is also related and the Russian word for prince — kniaz — derives from konungr too. Everyone knows that the Latin word for king is rex. From the same root come other forms of the name: the Irish ri (ard-ri is “high king”), Hindu raja (maharaja means “great king”), French roi, Italia re, Spanish rey, and so on. Kingship is a world-wide phenomenon.

What does queen mean?

Queen can have two meanings. A “queen regnant” is a reigning monarch in her own right. A “queen consort” is the wife of a reigning king. In many European countries women could not reign, and in those where they now can, it took centuries for women to establish their right to do so.

Ranks in British/Commonwealth Peerage

• Duke/Duchess

• Marquess/Marchioness

• Earl/Countess

• Viscount/Viscountess

• Baron/Baroness

Who was the first English monarch officially addressed as Your Majesty?

King Henry VIII was the first to be so addressed. Prior to him, the monarchs were addressed as Your Grace, and Your Majesty was reserved for the emperor. Henry VIII asserted that England was subordinate to no other authority than himself so that it was an empire in law, although the title itself was not adopted.

How did the term Britannic Majesty originate?

It came out of the Jacobite Court of the exiled King James II at St. Germaine-en-Laye. Accustomed to hearing their host, King Louis XIV, referred to as “His Most Christian Majesty,” the Jacobites took to calling their master “His Britannic Majesty.” When it became known, the term was borrowed by the Hanoverian kings of the British Empire and became official.

What is a pretender?

The term pretender is incorrectly used to describe a former monarch or descendant of a dethroned house who seeks to be restored to the Crown. The proper term for such a person, however, is claimant, not pretender. The individual is asserting old rights, not making a pretense of something to which he is not entitled. Pretender is rightly applied to people such as Perkin Warbeck or the False Dimitry who were imposters. Misuse of the word pretender comes from its application to the exiled Stuart claimants, James III, Charles III, and Henry IX. The ambiguity attached to it led John Byrom to write his doggerel:

God bless the King! — I mean the Faith’s Defender,

God bless (no harm in blessing) the Pretender!

But who Pretender is, or who is King,

God bless us all! — that’s quite another thing.

Who is the King or Queen of England?

Nobody! Though beloved of the media, the title has not existed since 1707. Queen Anne (1701–1714) was the last Queen of England. With the union of England and Scotland, the titles King of England and King of Scotland disappeared. From then on the monarch was King or Queen of Great Britain. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Queen of Canada, Queen of Jamaica, etc., but not Queen of England. England, of course, is part of her realm of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Some monarchs have been called “the Great.” What are some sobriquets that have been given to others?

Many rulers have been given names denoting their physical characteristics, character traits (good and bad), and record as rulers. Here are some examples:

• William “the Conqueror” (England)

• Baldwin IV “the Leper” (Jerusalem)

• Charles II “the Merry Monarch” (Britain/Commonwealth)

• Iorweth “Flat-Nosed” (Wales)

• William “the Silent” (Netherlands)

• Robert “the Devil” (Normandy)

• Leo VI “the Philosopher” (Byzantium)

• Eochaid “the Venomous” (Scotland)

• Aedh “the Lazy-Arsed Youth” (Ireland)

• Maximilian I “the last of the Knights” (Holy Roman Empire)

• Juana “the Mad” (Spain)

• Abdul “the Damned” (Ottoman Empire)

• Ivan “the Dread” (Russia)

• Albert II “the Degenerate” (Germany)

• Magnus VI “Law Mender” (Denmark)

• Frederick “the Winter King” (Bohemia)

• Mircea III “the Shepherd” (Valachia)

• Alfonso XI “the Avenger” (Castile and Leon)

• Carlos II “the Bewitched” (Spain)

• Edward I “the English Justinian” (England).

What near idolatrous terms were applied to Elizabeth I?

Among them were the Sun Queen, Second Maid, Second Sun, Virgin Queen, Gloriana, Belphoebe, Sweet Cynthia, Deborah, Beauteous Queen of Second Troy, Monarch Maiden Queen, and Astraea.

How many titles did the emperor Charles V possess?

The emperor had some 75 titles. Some of them were: Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Castile and Leon, King of Aragon and Sicily, King of Naples, King of the Romans, Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant, Duke of Limburg, Duke of Lothier, Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Guelders, Margrave of Namur, Count Palatine of Burgundy, Count of Artois, Count of Charolais, Count of Flanders, Count of Hainault, Count of Holland, Count of Zeeland, and Count of Zutphen.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that the kingdom of Saudi Arabia takes its name from the ruling royal family, the House of Saud?

Why did Maximilian I style himself Emperor Electus?

On election, Holy Roman Emperors were termed Romanorum rex — “King of the Romans.” Only when crowned by the pope did they become Romanorum imperator — “Emperor of the Romans.” Maximilian I was unable to get to Rome to be crowned so he obtained from the pope the style Imperator electus — “Emperor Elect.” It was continued by his successors down to the dissolution of the empire in 1806.

What is the name of the royal family of Thailand?

The Chakri dynasty is the name of the royal family. The present monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej Rama IX, is the ninth sovereign of the dynasty.

Pre-British emperors of India were known as Moghul emperors. What does Moghul mean?

It is a form of the word Mongol. The Indian imperial Timurid dynasty was founded by Tamerlane, who conquered northern India with a Muslim Mongol and Turkish force. One of the army’s minor princes, Babur, seized Delhi and created the Moghul Empire in 1526.

How will reigning descendants of Elizabeth II be numbered?

Up till now they have taken the numbering of English sovereigns or used English and Scottish numbers together, i.e. James II and VII. In the future, if there are monarchs with both English and Scottish predecessors of the same name, the higher number of one of the old kingdoms will be used alone. The next King James for example will be James VIII, not III, III and VIII, nor XI (total number of Jameses).

Quickies

Did you know …

• that the Royal House of Windsor took its name from Windsor Castle in 1917, when it was changed during the First World War from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, due to anti-German sentiment?

How do the Japanese name the reigns of their monarchs?

Following the death of an emperor, a special name is given to the reign, reflecting the ethos of the time. Emperor Hirohito’s reign is known as Showa, meaning “Enlightened Peace,” to reflect the emperor’s opposition to his government’s policies that brought Japan into the Second World War and his efforts to rebuild a peaceful Japan after its defeat.

English/British/Commonwealth Dynastic Names (since 1066)

Norman	1066-1154
Plantagenet	1154-1399
Lancaster	1399-1461
York	1461-1485
Tudor	1485-1603
Stuart and Orange	1603-1714
Brunswick or Hanover	1714-1901
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha	1901-1917
Windsor	1917-present

Why has the name of the royal family changed from time to time?

The name of the British/Commonwealth royal family has changed when the dynasty changed. The change has occurred for one of three reasons: the reigning branch of the royal family had no direct legitimate successors so a cousin from another branch of the family which had its own name took the throne (e.g. the change from Tudor to Stuart); the reigning branch was overthrown or defeated in war (e.g. York to Tudor, Bourbon to Brunswick in Canada), or a queen regnant married and her son assumed his father’s name (e.g. Brunswick to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). Queen Elizabeth II has decreed her desire that her successors retain the name Windsor. If this is followed then the pattern of changing dynasties would come to an end and all future monarchs would belong to the House of Windsor.

What did the two great British queens, Victoria and Boadicea, have in common?

Boadicea in the ancient British language means the same as “Victoria.” She led the Britons in rebellion against their Roman occupiers and is remembered in history as a great patriotic warrior queen.

One of the earliest known legal codes bears a king’s name. Who was he?

Hammurabi, King of Babylon, who died in 1750 B.C. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and was intended to be read by all. The monument is currently on display at the Louvre museum in Paris.

Canadian Provinces Named After Royalty

• Alberta (Princess Louise Alberta, daughter of Queen Victoria)

• New Brunswick (Royal House of Brunswick)

• Prince Edward Island (Prince

• Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria)

Australian States Named After Royalty

• Queensland (Queen Victoria)

• Victoria (Queen Victoria)

Why are British kings and queens called “Defender of the Faith”?

During the Middle Ages, the king of France became known by the special designation of “His Most Christian Majesty.” All the other kings were envious of this and wished special titles for themselves. The king of Portugal became “His Most Faithful Majesty,” the king of Hungary “His Apostolic Majesty,” and the king of Spain “His Most Catholic Majesty.” King Henry VIII was no exception. In 1521, he wrote a book called Defence of the Seven Sacraments, which attacked the views of Martin Luther, the Protestant reformer. The king sent the book to the pope, Leo X, who was so pleased with it that he gave the king the title “Defender of the Faith,” or in Latin, Fidei Defensor, to be borne by Henry and his successors. Although King Henry VIII shortly afterwards broke with the pope, he and the sovereigns after him kept the title. Consequently, Mary I and James II, who were Roman Catholics; Charles I, who was a passionate Anglican; George I, who had been a Lutheran before becoming king; and Queen Victoria, who, although an Anglican, was really more sympathetic to Presbyterianism, were all known as “Defender of the Faith.” In 1953, separate styles and titles were adopted by the queen for each of her independent realms on the advice of their respective parliaments. For Canada, the queen retained Defender of the Faith but it was redefined again. The prime minister, Louis St. Laurent, explained in the House of Commons that for Canada, which has no state church, but people “who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all-wise Providence,” the title would henceforth mean “a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler.”

American States Named After Royalty

• Georgia (King George II)

• Louisiana (King Louis XIV)

• Maryland (Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I)

• New York (Prince James, Duke of York, later King James II)

• North Carolina (King Charles I)

• South Carolina (King Charles I)

• Virginia (Queen Elizabeth I — “The Virgin Queen”)

• West Virginia (Queen Elizabeth I — “The Virgin Queen”)

Quickies

Did you know …

• that the royal title “Defender of the Faith” harks back to the most ancient days when monarch was both priest and king?

Which of Canada’s monarchs was King of Scots in right of his wife?

King François II of France was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1558 when he was a prince. At his marriage he became King of Scots. In 1559, he succeeded his father as the king of France, but died in 1560.

What is a Crown Victoria?

The Crown Victoria is a full-size automobile made by the Ford Motor Company in St. Thomas, Ontario, and favoured by police forces throughout North America as their standard cruiser. The name originated in a style of carriage designed in France in the 1830s and named after the then Princess Victoria (later Queen Victoria) that featured an elegant low body. The name was eventually passed on to horseless carriages (automobiles) of a similar style.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that George VI’s dramatic and moving broadcast on D-Day calling his people to prayer for victory was an exercise of the monarch’s ancient priestly role?

Who was the city of New York named after?

Arguably the greatest city in the world, New York was settled by Dutch explorers in 1624 and originally called New Amsterdam. When it was ceded to the British Crown in 1664 it was renamed New York in honour of the brother of King Charles II, Prince James, Duke of York, who later became King James II.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Rotten Row, the famous bridle path for horses in the heart of London, is a corruption of the original French name Route du Roi or “King’s Way”?

What was the first ship to cross the Atlantic mostly under steam?

The Royal William, constructed and christened in Quebec City in 1831, with engines built in Montreal, was named in honour of King William IV. In 1833 it sailed from Pictou, Nova Scotia, to Gravesend, England, in 25 days with a crew of 36, seven passengers, and a cargo of coal. Every four days she had to stop and clear her boilers of salt.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Constitution Hill in London is not named to mark a political milestone but because it was the path along which King Charles II took his daily “constitutional” (walk)?

What does the motto of the Prince of Wales, “Ich Dien,” mean?

Ich dien is German and means “I serve.” It is actually the motto of the heir to the throne, whether or not he, or she, is the Prince of Wales, and was thus the motto of Queen Elizabeth II when she was Princess Elizabeth.

Why does the Prince of Wales sign his name Charles P.?

“Charles P.” is short for Charles Princeps. Princeps is the Latin word for prince. This is how the heir to the throne has signed his name for hundreds of years. He is the only son of the sovereign who uses the p, which he does because he is the Prince of Wales. The word princeps is used because Latin was the language of the law and diplomacy when the practice began. In Canada, this princely signature gave rise to the name E.P. Ranch for the High River, Alberta, property owned by Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII. The present Prince of Wales signed “Charles P.” for the first time when he signed the register for his wedding at St. Paul’s Cathedral on July 29, 1981.

Which British dukedoms are held by the heir to the throne?

Upon the accession to the throne of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall in England and Duke of Rothesay in Scotland.

Incognitos and Aliases of Royalty

Charles I	Jack Smith
Charles II	William Jackson
Peter “the Great”	Peter Mikhailoff
Anne	Mrs. Morley
(Jacobite) James III	Chevalier de St. George
(Jacobite) Charles III	Betty Burke, Lewie Cawe, James Thompson
Louis XVI	Durand, a steward
Marie Antoinette	Madame Rochet
Louis Philippe	Chabaud de la Tour
Victoria	Lady Churchill, Countess of Balmoral, Countess of Kent
Edward VII	Lord Renfrew

Which king named his eldest son and intended heir Arthur?

Henry VII. Prince Arthur died in his teens. So strong was the influence of the Arthurian legend that speculation is that had the prince succeeded to the throne it would have been as Arthur the second.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that since the creation of the kingdom of Italy in 1860, the names of the kings of the House of Savoy have alternated between Victor Emmanuel and Umberto?

Who gave the word Canadian its modern meaning?

In the days of New France, Canadien referred to the ancestors of modern French Canadians. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763 transferred New France to the British Crown, and English and Scottish settlers established themselves, the name continued to refer to those of French descent. The first known use of Canadian in its modern civic sense, meaning a resident of Canada regardless of ethnicity, dates from the first election to the Assembly of Lower Canada in 1791. The 23-year-old Prince Edward, son of the king and future father of Queen Victoria, who was then resident in Quebec City, broke up a riot between English and French voters and demanded of them, “Part then in peace. Let me hear no more of the odious distinction of English and French. You are all His Britannic Majesty’s beloved Canadian subjects.”

Quickies

Did you know …

• that the name of the famous Spanish soccer team Real Madrid means “Royal Madrid,” an honour which King Alfonso XIII of Spain granted to the Madrid football club in 1920?

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Georgian Bay in Ontario was named after King George IV?

What does “True North” mean in the English version of the anthem “O Canada”?

“True North” was borrowed from Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem in which he refers to Canada as “That True North whereof we lately heard” in reference to its loyalty to Queen Victoria. It does not mean the North Pole or the real north, implying that the northern lands of other countries are false. It is the use of true in its other context of meaning loyal or faithful, as, for example, lovers are described as “true to each other.” The line of the anthem is describing Canada as loyal to the Crown: “We see thee rise / The True North strong and free.”

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Coronation Gulf in the Northwest Territories was named in honour of George IV’s coronation in 1821?

Named After Elizabeth II in Canada

•Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal

•Queen Elizabeth Theatre, Vancouver

•The Queensway, Ottawa

•Place Reine Elizabeth II, Trois-Rivières

•Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edmonton

•Queen Elizabeth Building, Toronto

•Queen Elizabeth II Park, Windsor

•Queen Elizabeth Island, Northwest Territories

•Queen Elizabeth II Court, Regina

•Queen Elizabeth II Canadian Fund to Aid in Research on the Diseases of Children

•Parc Reine Elizabeth II, LaPocatière

•Queen Elizabeth School, Perth

•Golden Jubilee Park, Haliburton

•Queen Elizabeth Ranges, Alberta

•Queen Elizabeth Planetarium, Edmonton

•Princess Elizabeth Hospital, Winnipeg

•Queen Elizabeth Foreland, Northwest Territories

•Queen Elizabeth II Admission Scholarships

•Queen Elizabeth II Cup for show jumping

•Queen Elizabeth Silver Jubilee EndowmentFund

What Canadian post-nominals does Elizabeth II have the right to?

Her Majesty has the right to the letters U.E., which stand for Unity of the Empire. In 1789, the governor general, Lord Dorchester, decreed that Loyalists from the American Revolution who had “adhered to the unity of the empire and joined the royal standard in America, before the treaty of separation in the year 1783” would be entitled to a “Mark of Honour” and could designate themselves “United Empire Loyalists.” Queen Elizabeth II is descended from two Loyalists, one on her mother’s side and the other on her father’s, and could designate herself “U.E.” if she so wished.

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Crown Royal whisky was created by Seagram’s to mark the 1939 tour of Canada by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth?

Quickies

Did you know …

• that Canada is the only country to have two capitals named after Queen Victoria — Victoria, British Columbia, and Regina (“Queen”), Saskatchewan?

What are the words of the Loyal Toast?

The only proper words for the Loyal Toast are “The Queen.” Some Canadians like to say “The Queen of Canada” to emphasize the Canadian status of the queen, but correctly one only mentions a country if it is a monarch foreign to the person proposing the toast. Thus, only a foreigner should toast “The Queen of Canada.”

What are royal warrant holders?

They are companies that supply goods and services to Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, or the Prince of Wales, and have been granted the honour as formal recognition of the fact. Having achieved the status they can display on their products “By Appointment to …”

Quickies

Did you know …

• that the capitals of five Canadian provinces are, or were, named after royalty — Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; Fredericton, New Brunswick; Toronto (formerly York), Ontario; Regina, Saskatchewan; and Victoria, British Columbia?

What is “dontopedalogy”?

The term was used by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, to describe the science of “firmly implanting one’s foot in one’s mouth.”

Mnemonic Sequence of English/ British/Commonwealth Monarchs

Willie, Willie, Harry, Stee,

Harry, Dick, John, Harry, three;

One, two, three Neds, Richard two,

Harrys four, five, six … then who?

Edwards four, five, Dick the bad,

Harrys twain and Ned the Lad;

Mary, Bessie, James the Vain,

Charlie, Charlie, James again …

William and Mary, Anna Gloria,

Four Georges, William and Victoria;

Edward seven next, and then

George the fifth in 1910;

Ned the eighth soon abdicated

Then George the sixth was coronated;

After which Elizabeth

And that’s the end until her death.