Читать книгу Electronics All-in-One For Dummies - Lowe Doug, Doug Lowe - Страница 5

1 Book 1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: An insulated wire consists of a conductor surrounded by an insulato...FIGURE 1-2: A simple electrical circuit consisting of a battery, a lamp, and so...FIGURE 1-3: A typical electronic circuit board.

2 Book 1 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: A common model of an atom.FIGURE 2-2: Electrons transfer current through a wire much like a row of pool b...FIGURE 2-3: You can use a multimeter like this to measure voltage.FIGURE 2-4: Newton’s Cradle works much like alternating current.

3 Book 1 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: My Mad-Scientist Lab really is a mad-scientist lab!FIGURE 3-2: Multicompartment storage boxes are ideal for storing small componen...FIGURE 3-3: Basic hand tools you’ll want to have.FIGURE 3-4: The wire on the top was stripped with wire cutters; the one on the ...FIGURE 3-5: The author modeling his favorite magnifying headgear.FIGURE 3-6: A third hand can hold your stuff so that both your hands are free t...FIGURE 3-7: A hobby vise.FIGURE 3-8: A soldering iron with a stand.FIGURE 3-9: An inexpensive multimeter.FIGURE 3-10: A solderless breadboard.FIGURE 3-11: Solid and stranded wire.FIGURE 3-12: Jumper wires for working with a solderless breadboard.FIGURE 3-13: Battery holders will help deliver power to your circuits.FIGURE 3-14: Jumper clips are great for making quick connections.FIGURE 3-15: Resistors are one of the most commonly used circuit components.FIGURE 3-16: Capacitors come in many shapes and sizes.FIGURE 3-17: An assortment of diodes.FIGURE 3-18: Light-emitting diodes.FIGURE 3-19: A look at a 2N3904 NPN transistor.FIGURE 3-20: Two popular integrated circuits: A 555 timer and an LM741 op-amp.FIGURE 3-21: Make sure your friends and family are properly warned.

4 Book 1 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: A soldering iron resting on a stand.FIGURE 4-2: An antistatic wristband.

5 Book 1 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: A simple schematic of a circuit that lights a lamp.FIGURE 5-2: Wires that cross may or may not actually be connected.FIGURE 5-3: A typical schematic diagram.FIGURE 5-4: A schematic diagram that uses a common ground to complete the circu...FIGURE 5-5: A schematic diagram that uses a common ground to complete the circu...FIGURE 5-6: Two equivalent diagrams showing positive and negative voltage sourc...FIGURE 5-7: A schematic diagram with parts labeled.FIGURE 5-8: A circuit that uses an integrated circuit.

6 Book 1 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: One of my scarier electronics projects.FIGURE 6-2: A hand-drawn sketch for an electronic coin tosser.FIGURE 6-3: A schematic diagram for a simple coin-toss circuit.FIGURE 6-4: The schematic diagram for the coin-toss circuit after it has been m...FIGURE 6-5: A schematic diagram that indicates which components are on the main...FIGURE 6-6: A typical solderless breadboard.FIGURE 6-7: The contact holes in typical solderless breadboards are internally ...FIGURE 6-8: How the pins are numbered on a 555 timer integrated circuit.FIGURE 6-9: The breadboard after the IC has been inserted and connected to the ...FIGURE 6-10: The breadboard after the LEDs have been connected.FIGURE 6-11: The breadboard after the finger contact jumpers have been connecte...FIGURE 6-12: The prototype of the coin tosser in operation.FIGURE 6-13: A printed circuit board.FIGURE 6-14: A preprinted PCB that uses a standard breadboard layout.FIGURE 6-15: The layout for the PCB used in the coin-toss circuit.FIGURE 6-16: The completed coin-tosser PCB.FIGURE 6-17: Project boxes come in a variety of shapes and sizes.FIGURE 6-18: Location for drilling holes in the lid of the project box.FIGURE 6-19: Installing the standoffs.FIGURE 6-20: The box with the push button, battery holder, and standoffs instal...FIGURE 6-21: The circuit board with the LEDs turned around.FIGURE 6-22: The circuit board attached to the lid and the finger contacts conn...FIGURE 6-23: The completed coin-toss project.

7 Book 1 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: A soldering iron.FIGURE 7-2: Positioning the soldering iron.FIGURE 7-3: Applying the solder.FIGURE 7-4: A good solder joint.FIGURE 7-5: A desoldering bulb and a desoldering braid.

8 Book 1 Chapter 8FIGURE 8-1: You can buy a basic multimeter like this one for under $20.FIGURE 8-2: An analog multimeter.FIGURE 8-3: A bench-top multimeter.FIGURE 8-4: A simple circuit with a battery, a resistor, and an LED.FIGURE 8-5: The LED circuit assembled on a breadboard.FIGURE 8-6: Using an ammeter to measure current flow in the LED circuit.FIGURE 8-7: Using a voltmeter to measure voltage in the LED circuit.

9 Book 1 Chapter 9FIGURE 9-1: A typical oscilloscope.FIGURE 9-2: An oscilloscope trace showing a sine wave.FIGURE 9-3: Four common waveforms.FIGURE 9-4: An oscilloscope trace showing a square wave.FIGURE 9-5: Connecting an oscilloscope probe to an audio plug.

10 Book 2 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: A simple circuit.FIGURE 1-2: A short circuit.FIGURE 1-3: What goes on inside a battery.FIGURE 1-4: Common batteries.FIGURE 1-5: A simple lamp circuit.FIGURE 1-6: There are switches for every need.FIGURE 1-7: Single- and double-throw switches.FIGURE 1-8: The switched lamp project.FIGURE 1-9: The DPDT knife switch.FIGURE 1-10: Using a DPST switch to control a lamp.FIGURE 1-11: Lamps connected in series and in parallel.FIGURE 1-12: Lamps connected in series.FIGURE 1-13: Lamps connected in parallel.FIGURE 1-14: Schematic diagrams for series and parallel switch circuits.FIGURE 1-15: The assembled series switch circuit.FIGURE 1-16: The assembled parallel switch circuit.FIGURE 1-17: The switch controls two lamps.FIGURE 1-18: Another way to control two lamps.FIGURE 1-19: The completed three-way light switch circuit.FIGURE 1-20: The assembled polarity-reversing circuit.

11 Book 2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: Carbon film resistors.FIGURE 2-2: Two ways to place a resistor in series with an LED.FIGURE 2-3: The assembled circuit for Project 10.FIGURE 2-4: Combining resistors in series.FIGURE 2-5: Resistors in parallel.FIGURE 2-6: Resistors in series and parallel.FIGURE 2-7: A voltage divider circuit.FIGURE 2-8: The assembled voltage divider circuit.FIGURE 2-9: A potentiometer.FIGURE 2-10: How a potentiometer works.

12 Book 2 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: A capacitor creates an electric field between two charged plates se...FIGURE 3-2: Capacitors are made in many different shapes and sizes.FIGURE 3-3: A variable capacitor.FIGURE 3-4: A capacitor charging circuit.FIGURE 3-5: Combining capacitors in parallel.FIGURE 3-6: Combing capacitors in series.FIGURE 3-7: The capacitor discharge circuit (Project 13).FIGURE 3-8: The finished AC/DC circuit (Project 14).FIGURE 3-9: A 9 V AC power adapter.

13 Book 2 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: The shape of a magnetic field revealed by iron filings.FIGURE 4-2: An electromagnet.FIGURE 4-3: Inductors are simple devices.FIGURE 4-4: A typical transformer.

14 Book 2 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Several common varieties of diodes.FIGURE 5-2: Silicon crystals are formed when each silicon atom shares its outer...FIGURE 5-3: An N-type semiconductor has extra electrons.FIGURE 5-4: A P-type semiconductor has holes where electrons should be.FIGURE 5-5: A diode has a single p-n junction.FIGURE 5-6: Forward and reverse bias on a diode.FIGURE 5-7: Blocking reverse polarity (Project 15).FIGURE 5-8: Using a diode to rectify alternating current.FIGURE 5-9: A full-wave rectifier circuit, also known as a bridge rectifier.FIGURE 5-10: A bridge rectifier package.FIGURE 5-11: An LED. The shorter lead is the cathode.FIGURE 5-12: A resistor should always be used in series with an LED.FIGURE 5-13: The completed LED polarity detector (Project 17).

15 Book 2 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: Transistors come in many shapes and sizes.FIGURE 6-2: NPN and PNP transistors.FIGURE 6-3: A basic transistor amplifier circuit.FIGURE 6-4: Switching an LED with an NPN transistor.FIGURE 6-5: The circuit for the LED driver (Project 18).FIGURE 6-6: The schematic diagram for the NOT gate circuit.FIGURE 6-7: The transistor NOT gate (Project 19).FIGURE 6-8: An astable multivibrator.FIGURE 6-9: Using a transistor to couple an output load to an astable multivibr...FIGURE 6-10: The LED flasher project (Project 20).

16 Book 3 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: Integrated circuits in common DIP packaging.FIGURE 1-2: Solderless breadboards are designed with DIP chips in mind.FIGURE 1-3: Identifying the pins on a DIP package.FIGURE 1-4: An integrated circuit in a schematic diagram.FIGURE 1-5: Independent sections within a single IC are often shown separately ...FIGURE 1-6: A circuit for providing positive voltage, negative voltage, and gro...FIGURE 1-7: DIP sockets let you avoid soldering delicate integrated circuits.

17 Book 3 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: Pinout diagram for a 555 timer IC.FIGURE 2-2: How a 555 timer chip is usually shown in a schematic diagram.FIGURE 2-3: A 555 timer chip in monostable mode.FIGURE 2-4: The imaginary switch inside the 555 that controls whether pin 7 cha...FIGURE 2-5: A 555 timer chip in astable mode.FIGURE 2-6: Timing the output wave created by an astable 555 timer circuit.FIGURE 2-7: Using a diode to separately control the high and low part of the ou...FIGURE 2-8: The schematic for a 555 timer circuit in bistable mode.FIGURE 2-9: Sourcing and sinking output current for a 555 timer.FIGURE 2-10: You can combine sourcing and sinking current for the output of a 5...FIGURE 2-11: Using a transistor to drive a higher-current device.FIGURE 2-12: 555 timers can be cascaded.FIGURE 2-13: The two halves of a 556 dual-timer circuit can be cascaded.FIGURE 2-14: The cascaded timer circuit with the 556 dual-timer chip drawn as a...FIGURE 2-15: The finished one-shot timer project (Project 21).FIGURE 2-16: The finished LED flasher (Project 22).FIGURE 2-17: The completed circuit for Project 23.FIGURE 2-18: The completed beeper project (Project 24).

18 Book 3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Schematic symbol for an op-amp.FIGURE 3-2: A split ±9V supply for an op-amp.FIGURE 3-3: The output from an op-amp passes to ground through a load resistanc...FIGURE 3-4: A op-amp configured as an open loop-amplifier.FIGURE 3-5: An op-amp configured as an inverting amplifier.FIGURE 3-6: An op-amp configured as a noninverting amplifier.FIGURE 3-7: An op-amp configured as a unity gain follower.FIGURE 3-8: An op-amp configured as a unity gain inverter.FIGURE 3-9: An op-amp configured as a voltage comparator.FIGURE 3-10: Using a diode in a voltage-comparator circuit.FIGURE 3-11: A voltage comparator that tests for a voltage that’s less than a r...FIGURE 3-12: Two op-amps can be used to create a window comparator.FIGURE 3-13: A basic summing amplifier circuit.FIGURE 3-14: A summing amplifier can be combined with a voltage inverter to pre...FIGURE 3-15: A simple audio mixer with four inputs.FIGURE 3-16: Pinouts for the LM741 op-amp.FIGURE 3-17: Pinouts for the LM324 quad op-amp.

19 Book 4 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: Three ways to measure alternating current.FIGURE 1-2: An alternator generates alternating current from a rotating magnet.FIGURE 1-3: A transformer uses magnetic induction to pass current from one circ...FIGURE 1-4: An external power adapter.FIGURE 1-5: NMB cabling.FIGURE 1-6: A standard electrical receptacle.FIGURE 1-7: Wire nuts.FIGURE 1-8: Barrier strips are useful for connecting wires that carry AC power.FIGURE 1-9: A 2 A, 1¼-x-¼-inch AGC fuse.FIGURE 1-10: A fuse in a schematic diagram.FIGURE 1-11: Fuse holders.FIGURE 1-12: A relay is a switch that is controlled by an electromagnet.FIGURE 1-13: Using a relay to switch a line-voltage circuit.FIGURE 1-14: Driving a relay from a 555 timer IC.

20 Book 4 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: A center-tapped transformer provides two output voltages.FIGURE 2-2: A half-wave rectifier uses just one diode.FIGURE 2-3: A full-wave rectifier uses two diodes.FIGURE 2-4: A bridge rectifier uses four diodes.FIGURE 2-5: A capacitor can be used to filter the output from the rectifier.FIGURE 2-6: A filter circuit smooths the output voltage.FIGURE 2-7: Two capacitors and a resistor cut ripple voltage but also reduce th...FIGURE 2-8: An inductor can be used in a filter circuit to minimize DC voltage ...FIGURE 2-9: Using a 78XX voltage regulator.FIGURE 2-10: Using an LM317 adjustable voltage regulator.

21 Book 4 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: The basic components of a radio transmitter.FIGURE 3-2: The basic components of a radio receiver.FIGURE 3-3: The basic AM modulator circuit.FIGURE 3-4: Using a transistor for amplitude modulation.FIGURE 3-5: How the carrier wave and the audio signal are combined to produce a...FIGURE 3-6: How the carrier wave and the audio signal are combined to produce a...FIGURE 3-7: An FM modulator circuit that uses a varactor.FIGURE 3-8: Schematic diagram for a crystal radio.FIGURE 3-9: A finished crystal radio.FIGURE 3-10: A coil wound on an empty soda bottle.FIGURE 3-11: Layout for the crystal radio circuit.FIGURE 3-12: Stringing your antenna.FIGURE 3-13: A good ground connection.

22 Book 4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: Infrared light falls between visible light and microwaves.FIGURE 4-2: A simple infrared detector circuit.FIGURE 4-3: The assembled infrared detector circuit (Project 25).FIGURE 4-4: Use a current-limiting resistor to protect an IR LED.FIGURE 4-5: A common-emitter proximity detector circuit.FIGURE 4-6: Using an IR LED and a phototransistor as a proximity detector (Proj...FIGURE 4-7: A common-collector proximity detector circuit.FIGURE 4-8: This circuit lights a red LED when the path between an IR LED and a...

23 Book 5 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: Analog and digital clocks.FIGURE 1-2: Implementing AND (top), OR (middle), and XOR (bottom) gates with kn...

24 Book 5 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: The symbol for a NOT gate.FIGURE 2-2: The symbol for a two-input AND gate.FIGURE 2-3: A pair of two-input AND gates can be used to create a logic network...FIGURE 2-4: An AND gate used in a home alarm system.FIGURE 2-5: An AND gate used as an enable input.FIGURE 2-6: The symbol for a two-input OR gate.FIGURE 2-7: Three OR gates used to create a four-input OR gate.FIGURE 2-8: OR gates used in a sensor circuit.FIGURE 2-9: The symbol for a two-input NAND gate.FIGURE 2-10: NAND gates used in a sensor circuit.FIGURE 2-11: The symbol for a two-input NOR gate.FIGURE 2-12: Using a NOR gate in a sensor circuit.FIGURE 2-13: The symbols for two-input XOR and XNOR gates.FIGURE 2-14: An XOR gate and an AND gate can be used to add two binary numbers.FIGURE 2-15: NAND and NOR gates are equivalent to negative OR and negative AND ...FIGURE 2-16: Creating NOT, AND, OR, and NOR gates by using nothing but NAND gat...FIGURE 2-17: Creating NOT, OR, AND, and NAND gates by using nothing but NOR gat...FIGURE 2-18: Using CircuitVerse to simulate logic circuits.

25 Book 5 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: A transistor NOT gate.FIGURE 3-2: A transistor NOT gate assembled on a breadboard (Project 31).FIGURE 3-3: A transistor AND gate.FIGURE 3-4: A transistor NAND gate.FIGURE 3-5: A two-transistor NAND gate on a breadboard (Project 32).FIGURE 3-6: A transistor OR gate.FIGURE 3-7: A transistor NOR gate.FIGURE 3-8: A two-transistor NOR gate on a breadboard (Project 33).FIGURE 3-9: A typical TTL gate.FIGURE 3-10: Pinout chart for 4000-series Quad Two-Input Logic Gate chips.FIGURE 3-11: A NAND gate circuit that uses a CMOS logic chip (Project 34).

26 Book 5 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: Schematic diagram for an active-high latch.FIGURE 4-2: Schematic diagram for an active-low latch.FIGURE 4-3: The assembled active-high latch (Project 38).FIGURE 4-4: The assembled active-low latch (Project 39).FIGURE 4-5: A latch in which is active-low and RESET is active-high.FIGURE 4-6: A gated SR latch.FIGURE 4-7: A gated D latch.FIGURE 4-8: The assembled gated D latch (Project 40).FIGURE 4-9: A circuit that detects a clock transition.FIGURE 4-10: The assembled D flip-flop circuit (Project 41).FIGURE 4-11: The assembled T flip-flop circuit (Project 42).

27 Book 5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Schematic for an LED circuit connected to a microcontroller I/O pin...

28 Book 6 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: An Arduino UNO.FIGURE 1-2: Components of an Arduino UNO.FIGURE 1-3: The Arduino IDE.FIGURE 1-4: The Blink program ready to run.FIGURE 1-5: The headers on an UNO board.FIGURE 1-6: Adding an external LED to an UNO board.FIGURE 1-7: The assembled Arduino LED circuit (Project 43).

29 Book 6 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: The prototyping shield snaps into the top of an Arduino UNO.FIGURE 2-2: Identifying the connections on a prototyping shieldFIGURE 2-3: An Arduino UNO with eight LEDs on a prototyping shield (Project 44)...

30 Book 6 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Active-high and active-low input circuits.FIGURE 3-2: A circuit for testing an active-high push button switch (Project 45...FIGURE 3-3: Connecting a pot to an Arduino I/O pin.FIGURE 3-4: A circuit that uses a potentiometer to control flashing LEDs (Proje...

31 Book 6 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: An HC-SR04 Range Finder.FIGURE 4-2: A typical 2 x 16 LCD.FIGURE 4-3: The assembled Arduino proximity sensor (Project 47).

32 Book 6 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: The piezoelectric speaker that comes with the Arduino Activity Kit.FIGURE 5-2: Connecting a speaker or buzzer to an Arduino digital output pin.FIGURE 5-3: Screw-terminal breakout shields that make it easy to connect strand...FIGURE 5-4: A speaker connected to an Arduino (Project 48).FIGURE 5-5: The Adafruit Music Maker shield.FIGURE 5-6: The Library Manager dialog box.FIGURE 5-7: An Arduino Music Player (Project 49).FIGURE 5-8: A typical hobby servo.FIGURE 5-9: Connecting a servo to an Arduino.FIGURE 5-10: A three-pin header adapter for connecting the servo to an Arduino.FIGURE 5-11: An Arduino project that controls a servo (Project 50).

33 Book 6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: A typical keypad.FIGURE 6-2: How the push buttons are connected in a keypad.FIGURE 6-3: The Library Manager dialog box.FIGURE 6-4: Monitoring the serial output from the keypad program.FIGURE 6-5: An Arduino Leonardo board.

34 Book 7 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: A Raspberry Pi 4.FIGURE 1-2: The Raspberry Pi Imager program.FIGURE 1-3: Choose an operating system.FIGURE 1-4: Choose your SD card.FIGURE 1-5: The initial configuration for the Raspberry Pi OS.FIGURE 1-6: The Raspberry Pi Desktop.FIGURE 1-7: The Thonny Python IDE.FIGURE 1-8: Thonny in regular mode, with menus!FIGURE 1-9: The hello.py program.FIGURE 1-10: The Hello, World! Program in action.FIGURE 1-11: Raspberry Pi header pins.FIGURE 1-12: Connecting an LED to a GPIO port.FIGURE 1-13: The Raspberry Pi LED Flasher (Project 51).

35 Book 7 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: A Raspberry Pi test circuit with eight LEDs (Project 52).

36 Book 7 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Active-high and active-low input circuits.FIGURE 3-2: A circuit for testing an active-high push-button switch (Project 53...FIGURE 3-3: Pinout for the MCP3008 analog-to-digital converter.FIGURE 3-4: Using an MCP3008 to connect a potentiometer to a Raspberry Pi.FIGURE 3-5: The Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool.FIGURE 3-6: The Interface Options page.FIGURE 3-7: Using a potentiometer to control flashing LEDs (Project 54).

37 Book 8 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: The completed color organ project.FIGURE 1-2: Connecting the color organ to a light and a sound source.FIGURE 1-3: The schematic diagram for the color organ circuit.FIGURE 1-4: The assembled Velleman MK110 kit.FIGURE 1-5: Drill the holes as indicated in this diagram.FIGURE 1-6: How the parts go together inside the project box.FIGURE 1-7: The color organ is almost finished.

38 Book 8 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: The basic ShowTime PC controller from Light-O-Rama.FIGURE 2-2: A basic setup for a 16-channel ShowTime PC Light-O-Rama controller.FIGURE 2-3: Assembling the ShowTime PC circuit board.FIGURE 2-4: A USB adapter converts the RS-485 protocol required by the ShowTime...FIGURE 2-5: The Light-O-Rama Hardware program.FIGURE 2-6: The Hardware program’s Console lets you test your controller channe...FIGURE 2-7: A simple Light-O-Rama sequence.FIGURE 2-8: Choosing the type of sequence to create.FIGURE 2-9: Filling in the musical sequence options.FIGURE 2-10: A blank sequence.FIGURE 2-11: Changing the name or color of a row.FIGURE 2-12: Displaying the waveform.FIGURE 2-13: The Animation window.FIGURE 2-14: The Animation window with a background picture.FIGURE 2-15: The Animation window with lights drawn in.

39 Book 8 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: The jack-in-the-box prop.FIGURE 3-2: The lift mechanism.FIGURE 3-3: Schematic diagram for the jack-in-the-box prop.FIGURE 3-4: The assembled animatronic prop controller.FIGURE 3-5: Where to mount the circuit boards and drill the mounting holes for ...

40 Book 8 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: Robby the Robot from Forbidden PlanetFIGURE 4-2: Robot B-9 from Lost in Space.FIGURE 4-3: VIN-e, version 1.FIGURE 4-4: The solar-powered yard lamp I used as the central pillar in VIN-e.FIGURE 4-5: Bits and pieces used to support VIN-e’s mouth and “vacuum tubes.”FIGURE 4-6: An Arduino MEGA board.FIGURE 4-7: An eight-channel relay board.FIGURE 4-8: A covered terminal strip safely routes 120 VAC power for the projec...