The World's Christians

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Douglas Jacobsen. The World's Christians

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

The World’s Christians

WHO THEY ARE, WHERE THEY ARE,AND HOW THEY GOT THERE

List of Illustrations. Figures

Tables

Voices of World Christianity

Introduction to World Christianity

Christianity’s Global Diversity

World Christianity as a Field of Study

How This Book Is Organized

PART I Who They Are: Four Christian Mega‐Traditions. Introduction

What Christians Hold in Common

Christian Traditions

1 The Orthodox Tradition

Spirituality

Voices of World Christianity 1.1 Vladimir Lossky on Orthodox Theology and Prayer

Excerpt from The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (1944):

Salvation

Structure

Story

Prehistory: beginnings to 500

The formative (or early Byzantine) age: 500 to 1000

The late Byzantine period: 1000 to 1500

Voices of World Christianity 1.2 Empress Theodora I and the Triumph of Orthodoxy

The national church period: 1500 to the present

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

2 The Catholic Tradition

Spirituality

Sacramental imagination

Communal consciousness

Intellectual rigor

Voices of World Christianity 2.1 John Henry Newman on the Pursuit of Truth

Excerpt from The Idea of a University (1852):

Salvation

Voices of World Christianity 2.2 Julian of Norwich on God’s Love for Humankind

Excerpt from Showings (1413):

Structure

Story

Pre‐history: beginnings to 500

Early medieval period: 500 to 1000

The high and late middle age: 1000–1500

Modern Catholicism: 1500 to the present

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

3 The Protestant Tradition

Spirituality

Salvation

Voices of World Christianity 3.1 Fanny Crosby and Protestant Hymnody

Excerpt from “Blessed Assurance, Jesus Is Mine” (1873):

Excerpt from “I Am Thine, O Lord” (1875):

Voices of World Christianity 3.2 Martin Luther on Faith

Excerpt from the Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans (1552):

Structure

Story

Protestant origins (1500–1650)

New options, 1650–1800

Protestant missions and the challenges of modernity, 1800–1950

The contemporary period, 1950 to the present

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTE

4 The Pentecostal Tradition

Spirituality

Voices of World Christianity 4.1 William J. Seymour on the Baptism with the Holy Spirit

Excerpt from The Apostolic Faith (1907):

Salvation

Voices of World Christianity 4.2 Kathryn Kuhlman on Health and Healing

Excerpt from I Believe in Miracles (1962):

Structure

Story

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

PART II How They Got There: A Global History of Christianity. Introduction

Christianity’s Pre‐History and Relationship with Judaism

Christian History and Globalizations

5 The Ancient Tradition: Beginnings to 500

Convictions

The first two hundred years

Voices of World Christianity 5.1 Thecla, An Early Christian Female Leader

Excerpt from The Acts of Paul and Thecla (late 2nd century):

The Ancient Tradition

The Bible

Christian creeds

Christian worship and church architecture

Encounters

Christianity in the Roman Empire: From persecution to power

The first three centuries

Constantine’s conversion

Roman Christianity after Constantine

Christianity and the “fall” of Rome

Christians in India and Persia: Persistent religious minorities

Voices of World Christianity 5.2 Augustine of Hippo on the Two Cities

Excerpt from The City of God (c. 420):

India

Persia

Other Christianities

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

6 The Great Division and the Age of the East: 500 to 1000

Convictions

The Church of the East

Voices of World Christianity 6.1 Patriarch Timothy I on Jesus and the Christian Life

Excerpt from the Dialogue of Patriarch Timothy I and the Caliph Mahdi (early 9th c.):

The Miaphysite tradition

The Chalcedonian Orthodox tradition

The slowly emerging Catholic tradition

Encounters

Encountering Islam

The Byzantine Orthodox experience

The Miaphysite experience

The Church of the East experience

Encountering Chinese culture and religion

Encountering the new peoples of Europe

The conversion of Western Europe

Voices of World Christianity 6.2 Brigid of Kildare in Pagan/Christian Ireland

Excerpt from the First Life of St. Brigid (8th c.):

The conversion of Eastern Europe

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

7 The Rise of the West and Decline of the East: 1000 to 1500

Convictions

Developments in the Catholic tradition

Voices of World Christianity 7.1 Catherine of Siena and the Pope

Developments in the Orthodox tradition

Ethiopian Christianity and other smaller Christian movements

Encounters

Catholicism’s confrontations with otherness

The Catholic West and the Orthodox East

The collapse of Christianity in the East

Egypt

Persia and Central Asia

Voices of World Christianity 7.2 Marco Polo Describes the Religious Policy of Kublai Khan

The Byzantine Empire

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

8 Christianity in a Global Era: 1500 to the Present

Convictions

The history and varieties of Protestantism

The Pentecostal movement

Voices of World Christianity 8.1 David Yonggi Cho on “Rhema” Faith

Catholicism

Eastern Orthodoxy

Encounters

Sixteenth century: Catholic globalization and Christian racism

Voices of World Christianity 8.2 Walatta Petros defends Ethiopian Orthodoxy against European Catholicism

Seventeenth century: Learning tolerance

Eighteenth century: Religious freedom, secularism, and slavery

Nineteenth century: Christian growth and Protestant globalization

Twentieth century: Christianity’s new multi‐centered, global shape

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

PART III Where They Are: Christianity in Nine World Regions. Introduction

Immigrants, Missionaries, and the Changing Shape of World Christianity

Mapping World Christianity

9 The Middle East and North Africa: Barely Surviving

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

Voices of World Christianity 9.1 Charles Malik on Truth and Public Life

Faith and Ethnicity

Weariness and Decline

Spirituality and Survival in Egypt

Turkey and Armenia

Israel and the Palestinian Territories

Hope?

Voices of World Christianity 9.2 Hanan Ashrawi on Palestinian Christianity and the Spiritual Cost of Conflict

Extract from This Side of Peace (1995):

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

10 Eastern Europe: Nationalism and New Mission

Description of the Region

Current Christian Profile

The Crucible of Communism

The Balkans: Blending Ethnicity and Faith

Catholic Central Europe

Poland

Voices of World Christianity 10.1 Pope John Paul II on the Gospel and Poland

Extract from Pope John Paul II’s homily delivered in Warsaw, Poland (June 2, 1979):

Orthodoxy in the Russian Sphere of Influence

The Russian Federation

Ukraine

Voices of World Christianity 10.2 Maria Alyokhina and the Pussy Riot Church Protest

Extract from Riot Days (2017):

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

11 Central and South Asia: Confidence and Complexity

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

Voices of World Christianity 11.1 Paulos Mar Gregorios and the Principles of Interfaith Dialogue

Excerpt from Religion and Dialogue (2000):

Christianity in Central Asia

Overview of Christianity in South Asia

Religion and Nation‐Building in India

The Varieties of Indian Christianity

St. Thomas Christians

Catholic Christianity

Protestantism

Pentecostal Christianity

Voices of World Christianity 11.2 Pandita Ramabai’s Spiritual Journey

Excerpt from A Testimony of Our Inexhaustible Treasure (1907):

Churchless Christianity

Christianity and Dalits

Jesus, Christianity, and Indian Culture

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

12 Western Europe: Thin, but Alive

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

Voices of World Christianity 12.1 Chiara Lubich and Focolare

Excerpt from Lubich’s “Address to the Conference of the Movement for Unity in Politics” (2000):

Catholic Western Europe

Church and politics in Spain

The travails of Irish Catholicism

Christianity, Islam, and the limits of secularism in France

Scandinavia’s Protestant Turf

Religiously Mixed Western Europe

Christianity in the United Kingdom

Germany: Still living in the shadow of the Holocaust

Voices of World Christianity 12.2 Dietrich Bonhoeffer and European Secularism

Excerpt from a letter to Eberhard Bethge dated April 30, 1944:

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

13 Sub‐Saharan Africa: Growth and Global Influence

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

The Crucible of Colonization

Voices of World Christianity 13.1 Simon Kimbangu, a Congolese Christian Prophet

Excerpt from the “Synthèse” about Simon Kimbangu (1921):

The Postcolonial Era

Challenges

Voices of World Christianity 13.2 Mercy Amba Oduyoye on Women, the Bible, and African Christianity

Excerpt from Daughters of Anowa (1995):

Nigeria: Christianity, Islam, and the Evangelization of the World

Church and Politics in South Africa

Ethiopia: The Last Christian Empire

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

14 East Asia: Piety and Politics

Description of the Region

Voices of World Christianity 14.1 Marianne Katoppo on Poverty, Women, and the Eucharist

Excerpt from Compassionate and Free (1980):

Christian Profile

Asian Spirituality and Christian Faith

Faith and Politics in the Philippines

Christianity’s Changing Public Image in South Korea

Indonesia: Politics and Religion in Changing Times

The Complexities of Christianity in China

Voices of World Christianity 14.2 Pastor Wang Yi on the Relationship of Church and State

Excerpt from “Letter from a Chengdu Jail” (2018):

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

15 Latin America: After Monopoly

Description of Region

Christian Profile

A Complex History of Church, State, and Economy

Voices of World Christianity 15.1 Eva Peron’s Critique of the Catholic Church

Excerpt from “My Message” (1952):

Popular Catholicism: The Importance of Mary

Voices of World Christianity 15.2 Gustavo Gutiérrez on Liberation Theology

Excerpt from A Theology of Liberation (1972):

Non‐Catholic (Evangélico) Christianity

Pentecostalism and Catholic Renewal

The New Religious Economy in Brazil

Holding the Line in Mexico

The Caribbean Difference

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

16 North America: Freedom and Destiny

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

Overview of religion in Canada

Overview of religion in the United States

Denominationalism: The Protestant Diversity that Freedom Produced

Simplifying Protestant Diversity: Mainline and Evangelical

Mainline Protestantism

Evangelicalism

Historically Black Churches

Voices of World Christianity 16.1 James Cone on Black and White Christianity

Excerpt from The Cross and the Lynching Tree (2011):

The Fuzzy Boundaries of Pentecostalism

Catholicism in Transition

Orthodoxy in the United States

Voices of World Christianity 16.2 Mother Angelica on the Left–Right Divide in American Catholicism

Excerpt from Mother Angelica’s radio talk on liberal Catholicism in America (1993):

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

17 Oceania: Experiments in Identity

Description of the Region

Christian Profile

A Complex Conversion History

Voices of World Christianity 17.1 Bernard Narokobi on Christianity and the Melanesian Way

Excerpt from The Melanesian Way (1980):

Mapping the Pacific: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia

Melanesia

Micronesia

Polynesia

Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics in Fiji

Christianity and the Relaxed Spirituality of Australia

Anglicanism in Australia

Catholicism in Australia

Pentecostal Christianity in Australia

Voices of World Christianity 17.2 Bobbie Houston on The Sisterhood

Excerpt from The Sisterhood (2016):

Australian Aboriginal Christianity

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

NOTES

Appendix: Counting Christians

Index

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SECOND EDITION

Douglas Jacobsen

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A third category of world Christian studies can be termed “postcolonial.” The focus of postcolonial study is on the dynamics of life in regions of the world that were once colonized by one or another European nation, which includes about half the world. In many of these previously colonized places, Christianity was introduced (or reintroduced) to the region as part of the colonizing process. As colonialism has slowly come to an end, many Christian churches in these formerly colonized countries have rejected at least some of the western understandings of Christianity that were imposed on them and have developed their own local, indigenous views of what Christianity can or should be. Scholars with a postcolonial perspective focus their work on these new non‐western, indigenous developments and often see them as inherently more valid and authentic than the colonial forms of Christianity that preceded them. A key question posed by scholars with a postcolonial perspective is: What does (or what might) Christianity look like once it is freed from western domination?

The fourth category is that of “religious studies,” which is the approach taken by researchers who seek to be dispassionate and descriptive. Their goal is not to help Christians advance their faith around the world (like missiology) or to encourage Christian unity (an ecumenical perspective) or to champion a less western understanding of Christianity (the postcolonial approach). Instead, the goal of the religious studies approach is to understand and to describe how and why Christianity has taken root in various parts of the world and what those different varieties of Christianity look like. While no scholar can be completely objective or perfectly fair, the intention of religious studies is to avoid making normative judgments about which kinds of Christianity are better than others. From the perspective of religious studies, differences within the Christian movement are seen as mere differences, not as matters that require moral or spiritual assessment. While personal beliefs, values, and ideals will inevitably seep into any human endeavor, scholars who take a religious studies approach seek to bracket their own biases as much as possible. Their key research question is the simple query: How is Christianity practiced similarly and differently around the world and why? The World’s Christians uses this religious studies approach.

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