| Figure 1.1 | Number of Orthodox Christians living in each region of the world |
| Figure 1.2 | Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral (Sibiu, Romania), interior of main dome |
| Figure 1.3 | Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral (Sibiu, Romania), nave and iconostasis |
| Figure 1.4 | Interior of small Orthodox church (Kalopanagiotis, Cyprus) |
| Figure 1.5 | Key events in Orthodox history |
| Figure 2.1 | Number of Catholic Christians living in each region of the world |
| Figure 2.2 | Statues of the Infant of Prague (the baby Jesus) for sale at shop near the Church of Our Lady Victorious in Prague (Czech Republic) |
| Figure 2.3 | Interior of the Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles, California) |
| Figure 2.4 | St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican |
| Figure 2.5 | The Gero Cross, the oldest known crucifix made in Western Europe north of the Alps |
| Figure 2.6 | Timeline showing key events in Catholic history |
| Figure 3.1 | Number of Protestant Christians living in each region of the world |
| Figure 3.2 | Interior of Reformed Church (Sibiu, Romania) illustrating the architectural centrality of the pulpit |
| Figure 3.3 | The Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral (Helsinki, Finland) |
| Figure 3.4 | God’s Missionary Church (Camp Hill, Pennsylvania) |
| Figure 3.5 | Key events in Protestant history |
| Figure 4.1 | Number of Pentecostal Christians living in each region of the world |
| Figure 4.2 | Aimee Semple McPherson |
| Figure 4.3 | Diagram illustrating sociological structure of the Pentecostal movement |
| Figure 4.4 | The Holy Spirit Church of East Africa (Bukoyani, Kenya) |
| Figure 4.5 | International Church of the Grace of God (Buenos Aires, Argentina) |
| Figure 5.1 | Timeline for ancient Christianity, beginnings to 500 |
| Figure 5.2 | Sketch of structure of a Roman basilica and interior of Santa Maria Maggiore Church (Rome) |
| Figure 5.3 | Two portrayals of Jesus in early Christian art |
| Figure 5.4 | Roman Empire at peak size |
| Figure 5.5 | Timeline of major events for Christianity in the Roman Empire |
| Figure 5.6 | Icon of the martyrdom of Perpetua, Felicitas, and others |
| Figure 5.7 | Church built around Symeon’s pillar |
| Figure 5.8 | Map of Sasanian Empire, c. 250 |
| Figure 5.9 | Church of the Holy Mother of God, a seventh‐century building located in Ashtarak, Armenia |
| Figure 6.1 | The Great Division |
| Figure 6.2 | Map showing the primary geographic locations of the four Christian mega‐traditions that existed in the years 500 to 1000 |
| Figure 6.3 | Chapel of São Frutuoso (Braga, Portugal), a Visigoth church built in the 600s |
| Figure 6.4 | Byzantine and Arab Empires, c. 800 |
| Figure 6.5 | Timeline of the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, c. 500–1000 |
| Figure 6.6 | Timeline for the Church of the East, c. 500–1000 |
| Figure 6.7 | Da Qin Pagoda (Pagoda of the West), an eighth‐century Christian monastery located about 50 miles southwest of Xian (formerly Chang’an), China |
| Figure 6.8 | Mugao Caves Monastery (Dunhuang, China) |
| Figure 6.9 | Charlemagne’s domain |
| Figure 6.10 | Baptism of Boris I, illustration from a fourteenth‐century chronicle by Constantine Manasses |
| Figure 7.1 | Timeline of general councils of the Catholic Church held during this time period (1000–1500) |
| Figure 7.2 | Fresco in Orvieto Cathedral (Italy) that illustrates the doctrine of transubstantiation |
| Figure 7.3 | Fresco by Domenico di Michelino (1417–91) portraying the Italian author Dante with the seven‐story mountain of purgatory made famous in his trilogy The Divine Comedy |
| Figure 7.4 | Map showing spread of Black Death, 1347–50 |
| Figure 7.5 | Church of St. George (Lalibela, Ethiopia) |
| Figure 7.6 | Timeline of medieval Christian crusades against religious others |
| Figure 7.7 | Map showing advance of the reconquista in Spain, c. 800–1492 |
| Figure 7.8 | Aerial and interior photographs of Mezquita Cathedral (Cordoba, Spain) |
| Figure 7.9 | Latin Empire in former Byzantine territory, 1204–61 |
| Figure 7.10 | Queen Sorkaktani‐beki with her husband Tolui |
| Figure 7.11 | Timeline of Christian decline in Persia and Central Asia |
| Figure 8.1 | Dirk Willems rescuing his pursuer |
| Figure 8.2 | William J. Seymour with other leaders of the Azusa Street revival |
| Figure 8.3 | Chiesa di Sant’Ignazio di Loyola in Campo Marzio, a Baroque style Catholic church in Rome built in the early 1600s |
| Figure 8.4 | Diagram displaying the race‐based hierarchy of social and spiritual status that existed in colonial Latin American society |
| Figure 8.5 | João I, the first Christian king of the Congo, who ruled from 1470 to 1509 |
| Figure 8.6 | Timeline of some of the religious wars resulting from the Protestant Revolution and of three significant peace agreements |
| Figure 8.7 | Global map of the Cold War, c. 1980 |
| Figure 8.8 | Changing demographics of the world Christian movement from 1900 to 2050 |
| Figure III.1 | Nine cultural‐geographic mega‐regions of the world |
| Figure III.2 | Where the world’s Christians live |
| Figure 9.1 | The Middle East and North Africa: global location and population information |
| Figure 9.2 | Regional map of the Middle East and North Africa |
| Figure 9.3 | Map showing overlap of Muslim, Arab, and formerly Ottoman territory in the Middle East and North Africa |
| Figure 9.4 | Map showing nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century European colonization of the Middle East and North Africa |
| Figure 9.5 | Christian profile of the Middle East and North Africa |
| Figure 9.6 | Icon of the Christian martyrs killed on a beach in Libya in 2015 portrayed as saints |
| Figure 9.7 | Coptic Pope Tawadros II appearing in church with Egyptian President al‐Sisi in January 2018 |
| Figure 9.8 | Survivors of the Armenian genocide pose with a pyramid of skulls of those who died |
| Figure 10.1 | Eastern Europe: global location and population information |
| Figure 10.2 | Regional map of Eastern Europe |
| Figure 10.3 | Christian profile of Eastern Europe, showing approximate percentage of the region’s total Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 10.4 | Three religious sub‐regions in Eastern Europe |
| Figure 10.5 | The Church of St. Sava dwarfs nearby buildings in Belgrade, Serbia |
| Figure 10.6 | Icon of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa |
| Figure 10.7 | The Lord’s Ark Catholic Church (Nowa Huta, Poland) |
| Figure 10.8 | Map of Poland showing area of main support for the Law and Justice Party and areas voting to be “LGBT‐free” zones |
| Figure 10.9 | Cathedral of Christ the Savior being demolished by Stalin in December 1931 and reconstructed in 2000 |
| Figure 10.10 | Current cultural and political map of Ukraine showing areas of Russian control and influence |
| Figure 11.1 | Central and South Asia: global location and population information |
| Figure 11.2 | Regional map of Central and South Asia |
| Figure 11.3 | Christian profile of Central and South Asia showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 11.4 | Map showing areas in Central and South Asia where Christians are more densely clustered |
| Figure 11.5 | Map of the seven eastern states of India showing percentage of the population that is Christian |
| Figure 11.6 | Protesters in Pakistan in 2018 after the acquittal of Aasia Bibi, a Christian woman who had been accused of breaking the nation’s law against blasphemy |
| Figure 11.7 | Chart showing divisions of the original St. Thomas Christian community of India into the seven currently existing denominations that claim this heritage |
| Figure 11.8 | Inside of Mother Teresa’s Home for the Dying in Kolkata, India |
| Figure 12.1 | Western Europe: global location and population information |
| Figure 12.2 | Regional map of Western Europe |
| Figure 12.3 | Christian profile of Western Europe showing approximate percentage of the region’s total Christian population represented by each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 12.4 | Distribution of Christian populations in Western Europe |
| Figure 12.5 | Anticlerical Republicans “execute” a statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus at Cerro de los Angeles during the Spanish Civil War |
| Figure 12.6 | Catholic prolife rally in Madrid with banners that are explicitly anti‐PSOE and pro‐PP |
| Figure 12.7 | Muslims on the streets of Paris during Friday noontime prayers |
| Figure 12.8 | Ordination of Elizabeth Jane Holden Lane as the first female bishop in the Church of England (January 26, 2015) |
| Figure 12.9 | Map of Germany showing major cities and the sub‐regions that are predominantly Catholic, Protestant, and non‐religious |
| Figure 13.1 | Sub‐Saharan Africa: global location and population information |
| Figure 13.2 | Regional map of Sub‐Saharan Africa |
| Figure 13.3 | Map showing distinctions between Sub‐Saharan Africa and northern Africa |
| Figure 13.4 | Map of Sub‐Saharan Africa showing Christian percentage of the population |
| Figure 13.5 | Christian profile of Sub‐Saharan Africa showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 13.6 | Map of Africa showing European colonial claims, c. 1920 |
| Figure 13.7 | Women organized by Leymah Gbowee protesting against the Liberian civil war in 2003 |
| Figure 13.8 | Crowded worship service at the RCCG’s Redemption Camp in Nigeria |
| Figure 13.9 | Meeting of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee in South Africa |
| Figure 13.10 | Ethiopian Orthodox priest carrying the tabot to be rechristened during the festival of Timkat |
| Figure 14.1 | East Asia: Global location and population information |
| Figure 14.2 | Regional map of East Asia |
| Figure 14.3 | Christian profile of East Asia showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 14.4 | Traslación of the statue of the Black Nazarene (January 2012) |
| Figure 14.5 | SaRang Community Church is one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in Seoul |
| Figure 14.6 | Map of Indonesia showing distribution of Christians across the country |
| Figure 14.7 | St. Joseph’s Catholic Church (Beijing) |
| Figure 14.8 | Growth of Roman Catholic population and of Protestant and Pentecostal (combined) population in China since founding of the PRC in 1949 |
| Figure 14.9 | The Golden Lampstand Church in Linfen, China (Shanxi Province) was one of the largest unregistered churches in the country until it was demolished by the government in 2018 |
| Figure 15.1 | Latin America: global location and population information |
| Figure 15.2 | Map of Latin America in late 1500s showing areas of Spanish and Portuguese colonization |
| Figure 15.3 | Regional map of Latin America |
| Figure 15.4 | Christian profile of Latin America showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 15.5 | Tilma of Juan Diego bearing the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe |
| Figure 15.6 | Fr. Marcelo Rossi walking into his church to say mass |
| Figure 15.7 | A photo of officers and family members from the Cristeros Castañon fighting regiment |
| Figure 15.8 | Mural on the back wall of the Kingston Evangelical Church in Kingston, St. Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Figure 16.1 | North America: global location and population information |
| Figure 16.2 | Christian profile of North America showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 16.3 | Percentage of adults in each state designated “highly religious” |
| Figure 16.4 | Christian profile of the United States |
| Figure 16.5 | The Supreme Court’s decision to ban prayer and Bible reading at the beginning of the public school day made the headlines of The New York Times in June 1963 |
| Figure 16.6 | Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. preaching in Mason Temple (Memphis, TN) the evening before he was assassinated |
| Figure 16.7 | The Azusa Street Mission as it appeared in 1906 |
| Figure 16.8 | President John F. Kennedy meeting with Pope Paul VI in Rome in July of 1963 |
| Figure 17.1 | Oceania: global location and population information |
| Figure 17.2 | Regional map of Oceania showing independent nations and most territories |
| Figure 17.3 | Christian profile of Oceania showing approximate percentage of the region’s Christian population in each of the four Christian mega‐traditions |
| Figure 17.4 | Map showing locations of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia |
| Figure 17.5 | Catholic Church on Bora Bora island in French Polynesia |
| Figure 17.6 | Ratana church in rural New Zealand |
| Figure 17.7 | Map of Australia showing names of states and major cities |
| Figure 17.8 | The Last Supper, a painting by the Aboriginal Christian artist Waniwa Lester |
