Читать книгу Elements of Grading - Douglas Reeves - Страница 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Author

Preface

Finding Common Ground

Skeptics and Cynics

A New Conversation About Grading

Introduction

Starting the Conversation

Understanding Why Grading Is So Important

Identifying What Influences Grades

Reconciling Experience and Evidence

Conversations About Change

What’s New in the Second Edition

Chapter 1

Effective Grading in a Standards-Based World

What Standards-Based Education Really Means

What Makes Standards-Based Grading Different

What the Critics Say

How to Separate Policy From Politics

How Standards Impact Grading

Chapter 2

What the Common Core Means for Grading

What the Common Core Says—and Doesn’t Say

How the Common Core Influences Teaching

How the Common Core Influences Assessment

How the Common Core Influences Grading

Chapter 3

The Impact of Feedback on Achievement

Evaluating the Evidence

The Importance of Feedback

The Evidence–Decision Gap

Distinguishing Feedback From Testing

Reconsidering Feedback

The Four Elements of Effective Feedback

Fairness

Accuracy

Specificity

Timeliness

Chapter 4

The Grading Debate

Starting the Debate: Challenges and Responses

Winning the Grading-Reform Debate

State What Will Not Change

Change the Scale to Match the Grades

Ask for a Fair Warning Agreement From Teachers

Require Consequences for Missing or Inaccurate Student Work

Chapter 5

How to Improve Fairness

What Fairness Really Means

Why Fairness Matters

Why Social Class Matters

Why Equity Matters

Chapter 6

How to Improve Accuracy

Measuring Accuracy

Improving Accuracy

Reality Checks

Collaborative Scoring

Unintentional Mathematical Distortions

Chapter 7

How to Improve Specificity

Gauging Knowledge

Translating Standards Into Grades

Feedback and Improvement

Quality, Not Just Quantity

The Coward’s F

Listening to Students

Considering Thinking Processes

Effectively Modifying Behavior

Defining Behavior With Clarity

Using Incentives Correctly

Encouraging Integrity

Chapter 8

How to Improve Timeliness

Why Timely Feedback Is Important

Standards of Timeliness

How Teachers Can Improve Timeliness

Involve Students in Establishing Academic Criteria

Use a Three-Column Rubric

Offer Midcourse Corrections

How School Administrators Can Improve Timeliness

Consider Practical Trade-Offs

Create Time to Analyze and Use Feedback

Monitor Teacher Responses

Chapter 9

Time-Saving Strategies for Busy Teachers

Finding the Time

Require That Students Complete the Work

Use the Menu System

Documenting Time-Saving Ideas

Chapter 10

Student Voices in Grading Practices

Hypotheses About Student Engagement

Student Voices Across Grade Levels

When Students, Parents, and Teachers Disagree

Chapter 11

Leading Change for Effective Grading Policies

Defining the Purposes of Grading

Giving Rewards and Punishments

Implementing Unpopular Policy Changes

Four-Level, Action-Oriented Change Model

Explicit Vision

Specification of Behavior

Assessment and Feedback

Continuous Refinement

Aligning Systemic Support

Examine Evaluation Systems

Resolve Disagreements

Chapter 12

Grading for Students With Special Needs

Fairness

Accuracy

Specificity

Timeliness

Chapter 13

The Impact of Technology on Grading Practices

Electronic Gradebooks

A Lighter Backpack

Collaborative Scoring of Anonymous Student Work

Parent Engagement With Electronic Gradebooks

Conclusion

Inspiring Change in Grading Policies

Engage in Extensive Community Dialogue

Use Grading as a Tool for Improved Student Learning

Tolerate Dissent

Demonstrate Effective Change With Improved Student Success

Appendix

Reproducibles

References and Resources

Index