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Contents

Preface

About the Author

Chapter 1 Time value of money and its applications

Accounting Applications

Fair Value Measurements

The Fair Value Hierarchy

Risk and Restrictions

The Difference between the Principal Market and the Most Advantageous Market

Valuation Approaches

The Three Levels of Fair Value Hierarchy

Financial Applications

Time Value Fundamentals

How Do You Calculate Future Values? – How Money Grows

Simple Interest

Compound Interest

Intrayear Compounding

The Power of Compounding

Future Value of an Annuity

Ordinary Annuity

Annuity Due

Future-Value Difference between Ordinary Annuity and Annuity Due

Can a Computer Help?

What is Present Value – How Much Money is Worth Now?

An Application

Present Value of Mixed Streams of Cash Flows

Present Value of an Annuity

Ordinary Annuity (OD)

Annuity Due (AD)

Present-Value Difference between Ordinary Annuity and Annuity Due

Can a Computer Help?

Perpetuities

Deferred Annuities

Future Value of a Deferred Annuity

Present Value of a Deferred Annuity

What are the Applications of Future Values and Present Values?

Deposits to Accumulate a Future Sum (or Sinking Fund)

Amounts of periodic withdrawals

Determining the Number of Periods Required

Can a Computer Help?

Computing Interest Rate

Can a Computer Help?

Amortized Loans

Lease Payments

Can a Computer Help?

How to Develop Loan Amortization Schedule

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

Rates of Growth

Bond Valuation

Effective-Interest Method of Amortization of Bond Discount or Premium

Bond Yields and Internal Rate of Return

Can a Computer Help?

Stock Valuation

Single Holding Period

Multiple Holding Period

(a) Zero Growth Case

(b) Constant Growth Case

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Techniques

Net Present Value

Internal Rate of Return

Can a Computer Help?

Lease versus Purchase Decision

Buy versus Lease Evaluation Report

Can a Computer Help?

Expected Cash Flow Model

Choosing an Appropriate Discount Rate

Cost of Debt

Cost of Common Stock

Cost of Retained Earnings

Computing the Overall Cost of Capital

Conclusion

Chapter 2 Fair Value Accounting

Fair Value Principle

Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting (SFAC No. 7)

Present Value Measurement

Liabilities

Interest Methods

Fair Value Measurements

The Hypothetical Transaction

The Principal (or Most Advantageous) Market

Market Participants

Highest and Best Use

Valuation Techniques

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair Value Disclosures

Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Allowed Items

Disallowed Items

Electing the Fair Value Option and Election Dates

Events

Instrument Application

Balance Sheet

Income Statement

Statement of Cash Flows

Sample Application of ASC 820-10-25 (FAS-159)

Disclosures

Eligible Items at Effective Date

Available-for-Sale and Held-to-Maturity Securities

Not-For-Profit Organizations

Where Are Fair Values Used in Financial Statements?

Fair Value Valuation

Examples of Valuation Models

Market Multiples

Stock Valuation

Bond Valuation

Real Estate Valuation

Matrix Pricing

Discounted Cash Flows (DCF)

Employee Share Options

The Black-Scholes-Merton Option Pricing Model

Other Lattice-based Option Models

Binomial

Trinomial

Multinomial

Nontransferability and Early Exercise

Adjusted Replacement Cost

Illustrations of Fair Value Disclosures – Reliability Assessment

Appendix I

Table 1: The Future Value of $1.00

Table 2: The Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity of $1.00

Table 3: The Present Value of $1.00

Table 4: The Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity of $1.00

Table 5: The Present Value of an Annuity Due of $1.00

Table 6: Monthly Installment Loan Payment

Table 7: Normal Distribution Table

Appendix II: Excel Financial Functions

Appendix III: Annual Reports - Sample Fair Value Disclosures

Marathon Oil 2011 Annual Report

15. Fair Value Measurements

Fair Values – Recurring

Fair Values – Nonrecurring

Fair Values – Financial Instruments

Walt Disney Co. 2010 Annual Report

16. Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Transfers of Financial

Assets Credit Concentrations

Marathon Oil 2008 Annual Report

17. Fair Value Measurements

Textron2008 Annual Report

Note 10. Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Glossary

Index

Time Value of Money and Fair Value Accounting

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