Читать книгу History of the Jews in Russia and Poland (Vol. 1-3) - Dubnow Simon - Страница 36
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120 [Pronounced Ookraïna. The spelling "Ukraine" is less correct. The meaning of the word is "border," "frontier."]
121 [The author refers to the compulsory establishment of the so-called Uniat Church, which follows the rites and traditions of the Greek Orthodox faith, but submits at the same time to the jurisdiction of the Roman See. The Uniat Church is still largely represented in Eastern Galicia among the Ruthenians.]
122 [A contemptuous nickname for Pole.]
123 [The word "Cossack," in Russian, Kazak (with the accent on the last syllable), is derived from the Tataric. "Cossackdom"—says Kostomarov, in his Russian standard work on the Cossack uprising (Bogdan Khmelnitzki, i. p. 5)—"is undoubtedly of Tataric origin, and so is the very name Kozak, which in Tataric means 'vagrant,' 'free warrior,' 'rider.'" Peter Kropotkin (Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, vii. 218) similarly derives the word from Turki Kuzzãk, "adventurer," "freebooter."]
124 [Derived from the German word Hauptmann.]
125 [From the Russian word Za porogi, meaning "beyond the Falls" (scil. of the Dnieper).]
126 [Literally, "cutting," i.e. the cutting of a forest. Originally the Cossacks entered those regions as colonists and pioneers.]
127 According to legend, the chief of the district had pillaged Khmelnitzki's tent, carried off his wife, and flogged his son to death.
128 [In Polish, Pokucie, name of a region in the southeast of the Polish Empire, between Hungary and the Bukowina. Its capital was the Galician city Kolomea.]
129 The clause in question runs as follows: "The Jews, even as they formerly were residents and arendars on the estates of his Royal Majesty, as well as on the estates of the Shlakhta, shall equally be so in the future."
130 [See p. 98, n. 2.]
131 [Allusion to Amos v. 19.]
132 ["Mire of the Deep," from Ps. lxix. 3.—The Hebrew word Yeven is a play on Yavan, "Greek," a term generally applied to the Greek Orthodox.]
133 See p. 130.
134 ["Scroll of Darkness" (comp. Amos iv. 13), with a clever allusion to the similarly sounding words in Zech. v. 1.]
135 [In Polish Szczebrzeszyn, a town in the region of Lublin.]
136 ["Troublous Times," allusion to Dan. ix. 25.]
137 ["Door of Repentance."]
138 [See p. 98, n. 1.]
139 [I.e. son of Mark, or Mordecai. On "syndics" see p. 111, n. 2.]
140 [Twenty per cent was the legalized rate of interest in Italy at the end of the fifteenth century. See Israel Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, p. 242.]
141 We quote the following in abbreviated form. [For the complete text see the article cited in the next note.]
142 From the Hebrew text it is not clear whether they offered themselves voluntarily as victims, or whether they were picked out by others. According to the local tradition in Ruzhany, the former was the case. [See Dubnow in the Russian Jewish monthly Voskhod, July, 1903, p. 19, n. 1.]
143 The corresponding word in Hebrew (שלומים), which is marked with dots in the original, represents the year of the event: [5]420 aera mundi, which equals 1659 C. E.
144 I.e. they tried to convert the martyrs to Catholicism.
145 [Allusion to Judges ix. 9, where the English version translates differently. The Hebrew word for "tree" also signifies "wood," and is used in polemic literature for "cross."]
146 [See p. 91, n. 1.]
147 [See p. 96, n. 1.]
148 [The Senate formed the upper chamber of the Polish parliament.]
149 In the "Political Catechism of the Polish Republic," published in 1735, we read the following: "Who is it in this vast country that engages in commerce, in handicrafts, in keeping inns and taverns?"—"The Jews." … "What may be the reason for it?"—"Because all commerce and handicrafts are prohibited to the Shlakhta on account of the importance of this estate, just as sins are prohibited by the commandments of God and by the law of nature."—"Who imposes and who pays the taxes?"—"The taxes are imposed by the nobility, and they are paid by the peasant, the burgher, and the Jew."
150 [See above, p. 46, n. 1, and p. 60, n. 1.]
151 [More exactly, faktor, Polish designation for broker, agent, and general utility man.]
152 [Popular Polish form of the Jewish name Baer.]
153 The last order was subsequently repealed.
154 [See p. 55.]
155 [See pp. 164 and 165.]
156 According to another version, he expressed his willingness to embrace Christianity in order to escape death, but afterwards repented.
157 [In Podolia.]
158 [In the province of Kiev.]
159 [In Volhynia.]
160 [Near Lublin.]
161 Another variant of the name is Jelek. [The latter form is declared to be incorrect by A. Berliner, Gutachten Ganganelli's (Berlin, 1888), p. 41.]
162 Of all the accusations of this kind, the Cardinal recognizes the correctness of only two, the murder of Simon of Trent in 1475 and of Andreas of Brixen in 1462, adding, however, that even their death was not caused by the legendary Jewish ritual, but simply by Jewish "hatred against the Christians."
163 [See p. 78.]
164 [See p. 143, n. 2.]
165 [A word of uncertain origin meaning "rebel" or "rioter." See p. 149.]
166 [A town in Podolia.]
167 [See p. 142, n. 1.]
168 [See p. 320, n. 2.]
169 [Pronounced Ooman̄, with a soft sound at the end. In Polish the name is spelled Humań.]
170 According to the Polish census of 1764–1766 the number of Jews in Poland and Lithuania amounted during those years, on the eve of the partitions, to 621,000 souls.
