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Contents

Preface to the Expanded Edition

Acknowledgements

Introduction: Torture – Past and Present – and the Historian

1 A Delicate and Dangerous Business

The emergence of torture in Greek law

Torture in Roman law

The character of Roman torture

Roman law and Germanic societies

2 The Queen of Proofs and the Queen of Torments

The legal revolution of the twelfth century

The return of torture

The jurisprudence of torture

The inquisition

Torture in the ancien régime

3 The Sleep of Reason

Abolition, law and moral sensibility

Abolition: the historians at work

Statutory abolition

Some comparisons

The freeing of the law

4 ‘Engines of the State, not of Law’

At the margins of the law

The police and the state

Warfare, prisoners and military intelligence

Political crime

Law and the state in revolutionary societies

The discovery of Algeria

5 ‘To become, or to remain, human …’

A new Enlightenment?

The language of Eden

After Algeria

Room 101 – and other rooms

Without end?

A Bibliographical Essay

Bibliographical Addendum: Torture—History and Practice, 1985–1995

Postscript, 1999

Appendix: Judicial Torture—Documents and Commentary

I. The Theodosian Code, Book 9, Title 35

II. The Digest of Justinian, Book 48, Title 18

III. The Code of Justinian, Book 9, Title 41

IV. Augustine: The City of God, XIX.6

V. The Visigothic Code: On Torture

VI. Torture by Inquisitors: Innocent IV and Alexander IV

VII. The Constitutio Criminalis Carolina

VIII. The Jurisprudence of Torture: Sebastian Guazzini

IX. John Locke: Letter on Toleration

X. The Moral Protest: Cesare Beccaria

XI. A Twentieth-Century Interrogator’s Manual on Torture

XII. United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

XIII. United Nations Principles of Medical Ethics

XIV. Statement on Nurses and Torture

Index