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4. To avoid confusion, I sometimes refer to her before her marriage as “Lady Verney,” reserving “Miss Nightingale” throughout for Florence.

5. Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography, “The Clapham Sect,” pp. 543–544 (ed. 1860). Miss Nightingale referred to this association of her grandfather with Wilberforce and Clarkson in one of her Addresses to Probationers (1875).

6. From a letter to Catherine Winkworth, October 20, 1854, kindly communicated by Miss Meta Gaskell. Mrs. Gaskell had gone to stay at Lea Hurst with the understanding that she was to have a quiet time for writing, remaining in the house as long as she might wish after the family had left it. For other passages from the letter, see pp. 39, 41, 139.

7. Notes on Nursing, ed. 1860, p. 147 n.

8. Freddy, who was a bright, promising boy, went with Sir George Grey on his journey of exploration in Australia, and there died of starvation. In Rees's Life of Sir George Grey a note was made, by Sir George's desire, as to his having “met the death of a martyr in the cause of science and discovery, led on by personal friendship and affection for Sir George himself.”

9. The Rev. J. T. Giffard.

10. A Century of Family Letters, vol. ii. p. 174.

11. Julius and Mary Mohl, p. 29.

12. General Sir Frederick Stovin, G.C.B. He was groom-in-waiting to Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1860.

13. Many stories of Lord Melbourne and the “dull dog” are now accessible in the Queen's own diaries, but he made friends with the pets in the end. The Queen may have forbidden others to wake her Minister; but she herself objected sometimes, though with a pretty playfulness, to his snoring. See The Girlhood of Queen Victoria, vol. ii. p. 240.

14. An expressive, old English word, which often occurs in Miss Nightingale's letters. “As we say in Derbyshire,” she sometimes added. George Eliot, also of Derbyshire, often uses it.

15. Miss Nightingale took great pains with most of her letters. She often made a rough draft in a note-book, and then used the same words in letters to different correspondents, or used part of the original passage in a letter to one correspondent, and part in a letter to another. Here, as in one or two other cases, I reunite passages from two letters. One of them was addressed to the same cousin to whom Parthenope wrote.

16. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell's Pioneer Work, 1895, p. 185.

17. The annals of the Cistercian Abbey (of which ruins remain) are said to have suggested to Sir Walter Scott the name of his first novel.

18. William Adams Smith, an unmarried brother of Mrs. Nightingale.

19. Sir James South, astronomer (1785–1867), had a famous observatory on Campden Hill.

20. Née Mills, cousin of Mr. Arthur Mills, M.P.

21. Sir Joshua Jebb, surveyor-general of prisons, designed the “model prison” at Pentonville. Miss Nightingale valued his friendship greatly, and appointed him a member of the Council of the Nightingale Fund.

22. A reference to the “Ashburton Treaty” concluded at Washington in 1842. Alexander Baring, first Baron Ashburton, was the English commissioner.

23. Vestiges of Creation, by Robert Chambers, had been published in the preceding year (1844).

24. Reminiscences, 1819–1899, by Julia Ward Howe, 1900, p. 138.

25. Caroline Fox, Memories of Old Friends, 1882, pp. 311–312.

26. From a letter to Catherine Winkworth, written in 1854; for other passages in the letter, see pp. 8, 41, 139.

27. Letter of Mrs. Gaskell to Catherine Winkworth, Oct. 20, 1854.

28. Suggestions for Thought, vol. ii. p. 385.

29. The wife of Dr. Richard Fowler, physician to the Salisbury Infirmary, mentioned above, p. 35.

30. The reader will note the recurrence here of some phrases already used in another letter. It is an instance of a point there noted (p. 28).

31. Edward Vernon Harcourt.

32. Née Brandreth (not Mrs. Gaskell, the authoress).

33. Life of Lord Houghton, by T. Wemyss Reid, vol. i. p. 524.

34. See Miss Nightingale's letter, printed below (p. 117). Similarly she wrote to her father in 1854 (Feb. 22), that the head nurse in a certain London hospital told her that “in the course of her large experience she had never known a nurse who was not drunken, and that there was immoral conduct practised in the very wards, of which she gave me some awful examples.”

35. Life of Lord Houghton, vol. i. p. 524.

36. In many accounts of Kaiserswerth and of Florence Nightingale, it is stated that her knowledge of the institution came from Elizabeth Fry. It was a pleasant temptation to establish such a link between these two famous women, but Mrs. Fry was dead (1845) before Miss Nightingale had ever heard, so far as her papers show, of Kaiserswerth.

37. See below, p. 94.

38. G. M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic, p. 65.

39. The Convent was giving hospitality at this time to the Abbess of Minsk (in Lithuania), whose persecution by the Russian Government formed the subject of much debate. Miss Nightingale wrote a long account of the extraordinary adventures which the Abbess related to her. She was advised in 1853 to print this, but I cannot find that she did so.

40. Letter from R. Angus Smith, July 7, 1859.

41. Letter to M. Mohl, Nov. 21, 1869.

42. Purcell's Life of Manning, vol. i. p. 362.

43. Sidney Herbert: a Memoir, by Lord Stanmore, vol. i. pp. 97–98.

44. See the “Lettre de M. Guizot” prefixed to the French translation of Notes on Nursing (1862).

45. E.g. in an article in Good Words, August 1879: “Whoever in the glorious light of an Egyptian sunset—where all glows with colour, not like that of birds and flowers, but like transparent emeralds and sapphires and rubies and amethysts, the gold and jewels and precious stones of the Revelations—has seen the herds wending their way home on the plain of Thebes by the colossal pair of sitting statues, followed by the stately woman in her one draped garment, plying her distaff, a naked, lovely little brown child riding on her shoulder, and another on a buffalo, can conjure up something of the ideal of the ryot's family life in India.”

46. In the Album of the Pastor's eldest daughter, Miss Nightingale left this inscription:—

“Vier Dinge, Gott, habe ich dir zu bieten,

Die sich in all deinen Schatzkammern nicht finden:

Meine Nichtigkeit, meine traurige Armut,

Meine verderbliche Sünde, meine ernste Reue.

Nimm diese Gaben an und nimm den Geber hin.

Kaiserswerth, den 13 August 1850. Fl. N., die mit überfliessendem Herzen sich immer der Güte all ihrer Freunde in lieben Kaiserswerth erinnern wird. Ich bin ein Gast gewesen, und ihr habt mir beherbergt” (Eine Heldin unter Helden, 1912, p. 45).

47. Bibliography A, No. 1.

48. Lyrics and Poems from Ibsen, translated by F. E. Garrett.

49. Bibliography A, No. 2.

50. A Century of Family Letters, vol. ii. pp. 106, 107.

51. Fraser's Magazine, May 1873.

52. Suggestions for Thought, vol. ii. p. 401.

53. Suggestions for Thought, vol. ii. pp. 229, 231.

54. Suggestions for Thought, vol. ii. pp. 236, 237.

55. History of Nursing, vol. ii. p. 4.

56. Letter to Mrs. C. S. Roundell, August 4, 1896.

57. Mr. Sidney Herbert's speech at the Nightingale Fund Meeting, Nov. 29, 1855.

58. Much of this appeal was suggested to Florence, in almost identical words (as an extant letter shows), by her Aunt Mai.

59. George Eliot's Life as Related in her Letters and Journals, edited by J. W. Cross, vol. i. p. 285.

60. Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, vol. i. p. 188.

61. Letter to Sir John McNeill, May 17, 1860.

62. Letter to Sir John McNeill, May 17, 1860.

63. Life of Lord Houghton, vol. i. p. 475.

64. Caroline Jones (1808–77) married Captain Chisholm, 1830; opened orphan schools in Madras, 1832; befriended female emigrants to Australia, 1841–66. Miss Nightingale had correspondence with her in 1862.

65. See Stanmore, vol. i. pp. 111–120.

66. To Catherine Winkworth, Jan. 1, 1855.

67. See Ruskin's Works, vol. xxxi. p. 386, vol. xxxii. p. 72.

68. Life of Lord Houghton, vol. i. p. 491.