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When Mr. Lane translated the "Thousand and One Nights," he was not content with producing a mere rendering of the Arabic text: he saw that the manners and ideas there described required a commentary if they were to become intelligible to an unlearned reader. At the end of each chapter of his translation, therefore, he appended a series of explanatory notes, which often reached the proportions of elaborate essays on the main characteristics of Mohammadan life.

These notes have long been recognized by Orientalists as the most complete picture in existence of Arabian society—or rather of those Arab, Persian, or Greek, but still Mohammadan, conditions of life and boundaries of the mental horizon which are generally distinguished by the name of Arabian. Their position and arrangement, however, scattered as they were through three large volumes, and inserted in the order required not by their subjects but by the tales they illustrated, rendered them difficult to consult, and cumbrous, if not impossible, to read consecutively. It has often been suggested that a reprint of the principal notes, in a convenient form and in natural sequence, would be a welcome addition to the scholar's as well as to the general library. The publication of a new impression of the "Thousand and One Nights" presented an opportunity for discussing the project; and the result is the present volume.

My task, as editor, has been a simple one. I have rejected only those notes which have no value apart from the main work—glossarial notes, for instance, giving the English of the proper names occurring in the Arabian Nights; disquisitions on the probable date of the composition of the tales; and others inseparably connected with the stories themselves. The rest I have arranged in a series of chapters, interweaving the shorter notes in the longer, and giving as far as possible an air of unity to each division. Beyond such verbal alterations as were required by the separation of the notes from the text to which they referred, occasional changes in punctuation, and a slight alteration in the spelling of Oriental names in accordance with my great-uncle's latest method, I have not interfered with the form of the notes as they appeared in the edition of 1859. Such insignificant changes as I have made, I think I may state with confidence, would have been approved by the author. Beyond a few notes distinguished by square brackets, a new and very minute index (in which all Arabic words are explained), and a list of the authorities quoted, I have added nothing of my own.

It may be objected to the title of the book that a considerable part of the notes is composed of recollections of Mr. Lane's personal experiences in Cairo in the early part of the present century. The subject-matter, however, is really mediæval. The notes have all the same purpose: to explain the conditions of life and society as they were at the time when the "Thousand and One Nights" assumed their present collected form. Upon various grounds Mr. Lane placed this redaction or composition at about the end of the fifteenth century. Accordingly, a large proportion of these notes consist of extracts from the more famous Arabic historians and other authors of the later Middle Ages, such as Ibn El-Jowzee (who died in A.D. 1256), El-Ḳazweenee (1283), Ibn-el-Wardee (1348), Ibn-Khaldoon (1406), El-Maḳreezee (1441), Es-Suyooṭee (1505), who all knew Arabian society in precisely the state described in the "Thousand and One Nights." Most of these authorities were unpublished when the notes were written, and Mr. Lane's quotations are from manuscripts in his own possession. Some are still inedited; and though many have been printed at the Booláḳ Press and elsewhere, it is surprising how little they have been used by European authors.

To the records of these mediæval writers, Mr. Lane added the results of his personal experience; and in doing so he was guilty of no anachronism: for the Arabian Society in which a Saladin, a Beybars, a Barḳooḳ, and a Ḳait-Bey moved, and of which the native historians have preserved so full and graphic a record, survived almost unchanged to the time of Moḥammad ´Alee, when Mr. Lane spent many years of intimate acquaintance among the people of Cairo. The life that he saw was the same as that described by El-Maḳreezee and Es-Suyooṭee; and the purely Muslim society in which Mr. Lane preferred to move was in spirit, in custom, and in all essentials the same society that once hailed a Hároon er-Rasheed, a Jaạfar el-Barmekee, and an Aboo-Nuwás, among its members. The continuity of Arabian social tradition was practically unbroken from almost the beginning of the Khalifate to the present century, at least in such a metropolis of Islám as Cairo, or as Damascus or Baghdad. European influence has been busy in demolishing it. Cairo has long been trying to become a bastard Paris instead of the picturesque city of El-Mo´izz and Ṣaláḥ-ed-Deen, and to forget its traditions of the palmy days of Islám and its memorials of the chivalrous heroes of crusading times. It would be impossible now to gather the minute details of a purely Mohammadan society which Mr. Lane found ready to his eye and hand; and it is therefore the more fortunate that the record of Arabian Society, as it was during the Khalifate and under the rule of the Memlooks in the Middle Ages, and as it continued to be in Egypt to the days of Moḥammad ´Alee, was faithfully preserved in the "Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians," and in the notes to the "Thousand and One Nights," which are here for the first time presented in a separate and consecutive form.

STANLEY LANE-POOLE.

December, 1882.

CHAPTER I. RELIGION. Page Articles of Faith—Predestination—Ritual and Moral Laws: prayer, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage, etc.—Civil Laws: marriage, divorce, inheritance, manumission—Criminal Laws: murder, retaliation, theft, etc.—Religious Festivals CHAPTER II. DEMONOLOGY. Angels and Jinn (Genii)—Various kinds of Jinn—Preadamite Jinn—History of Iblees—Long life of the Jinn and manner of death; assumed shapes—A Jinneeyeh wife—Spirits of the whirlwind and waterspout—Abodes of the Jinn—Solomon's power over them—Ghools and other inferior orders CHAPTER III. SAINTS. Welees and their Ḳuṭbs—El-Khiḍr and Elias—Miracles—Influence—Self-denial and asceticism—Two authentic saints—General habits—A historical saint—Pilgrimage to the tombs—Annual festivals—A Zikr performed by Darweeshes—A Khatmeh—Religious murder CHAPTER IV.

MAGIC. Spiritual magic, divine or Satanic—Babel—Hároot and Mároot—Enchantment—Divination—Astrology—Geomancy—Auguration—Chiromancy—Omens—Dreams—A dream of the Great Plague, 1835—Lucky and unlucky days—Natural magic—Alchymy—The magician Ṣádoomeh and his miracles CHAPTER V. COSMOGRAPHY. The seven Heavens—Paradise—Form and divisions of the earth—The Sea of Darkness—Fountain of Life—Mountains of Ḳáf—The lower earths—What the earth stands on—The stages of Hell CHAPTER VI. LITERATURE. The Heroic Age—´Okáḍh—The Ḳur-án—The Middle Age—Corrupt dialects—´Abd-el-Melik—Hároon Er-Rasheed and Abu-l´Atáhiyeh—The Barmekees—Dresses of honour—Two items in Hároon's account book—Rewards to poets—Ḥammád's good fortune—Reception of Greek ambassadors by a Khaleefeh—A niggardly king outwitted—The decline of Arabian literature—Letters—The language of flowers, and emblematical conversation—Secret signs—El-Mutanebbee's warning—The language of birds and beasts CHAPTER VII. FEASTING AND MERRYMAKING. Muslim meals and mode of eating—Principal dishes—A typical feast—Public dinners—Clean and unclean meats—Drinks—Hospitality—Bread and salt—A thief thwarted—An

Arabian room—A hall or saloon—The use of wine—Date wine, etc.—Prevalence of the habit of drinking wine in the present day and in history—A bout interrupted—Moderate drinking—Effects of wine—´Abd-el-Melik and his slave—Preparations for a banquet—Fruits—A rose-lover—Favourite flowers—Music—Ibráheem El-Móṣilee and Hároon Er-Rasheed—Isḥáḳ El-Móṣilee—Mukháriḳ—Performers—Unveiled women singers—Arab music—Lyric songs—Other amusements—The Bath—Hunting and hawking CHAPTER VIII. CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION. Ceremonies at birth, and on the seventh day—Giving the name—Sacrifice—Shaving the head—Suckling—Care of children—Evil eye—Respect for parents—The future state of children who die young—Early education of the father—Circumcision—Schools and teaching—Private tuition—Education of girls—Arab character CHAPTER IX. WOMEN. Love among Arabs—Three tales of true love—Umm-´Amr—The ideal of beauty—Coiffure—Gait—Woman's counsel—Marriage and divorce—Laws and general habits—Choice of a wife—Prohibited degrees—Cousins preferred—Ages—A wife's qualifications—Dowry—Marriage contract—Festivities and ceremonies of marriage—Wedding horoscopes—Employment of the ḥareem—Polygamy and the Muslim social system in general—Affection between wives CHAPTER X. SLAVERY. Conditions, rights, and disabilities of slaves—Emancipation—White slaves—Treatment—The Prophet's injunctions—´Othmán's compunction—Jaạfar's wife

CHAPTER XI. CEREMONIES OF DEATH. Last duties—Washing—Grave-clothes—Funeral—Sacrifice—Biers—The tomb—Preparing for the examining angels—Visits to the grave—State of the soul between death and the resurrection—The Well of Barahoot