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Chronology
ОглавлениеThe focus of this book is on the period from 1940 to the present, but readers may find it helpful to know about some of the key events that took place before this time. This timeline therefore starts with the French Revolution of 1789, which is usually considered the foundational moment of modern French history.
| July 1789 | The French Revolution begins with the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. |
| 1791–1804 | The Haitian Revolution. |
| 1792–1804: First Republic | |
| September 1792 | Abolition of the monarchy and foundation of the First Republic. |
| 1793–1794 | The period of violence known as La Terreur (The Terror). |
| November 1799 | General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the French Directory in the Coup of 18 Brumaire. |
| May 1804 | Napoleon is declared emperor and announces the end of the First Republic; in its place, he inaugurates the First Empire. |
| June 1815 | Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo and the First Empire comes to an end; the monarchy is restored. |
| July 1830 | The July Revolution; King Charles X is deposed and replaced by Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans. |
| 1848–1851: Second Republic | |
| February 1848 | The February Revolution forces Louis-Philippe to abdicate; foundation of the Second Republic. |
| December 1851 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Emperor Napoleon III, thereby bringing the Second Republic to an end. |
| 1851–1870 | The Second Empire. |
| July 1870–May 1871 | Franco-Prussian War. |
| 1870–1940: Third Republic | |
| September 1870 | Foundation of the Third Republic during the Siege of Paris. |
| March–May 1871 | Paris Commune. |
| December 1905 | The legal separation of Church and State. |
| July 1914–November 1918 | First World War. |
| May 1936–April 1938 | The Popular Front government of Léon Blum, a left-wing coalition of radicals, socialists and communists. |
| June 1940 | The fall of France, which is followed by the Nazi occupation of northern France and the establishment of the Vichy administration in the southern ‘free’ zone. |
| November 1942 | The Nazis invade and occupy the southern ‘free’ zone. |
| August 1944 | Liberation of Paris. |
| 1946–1958: Fourth Republic | |
| October 1946 | The adoption of the constitution of the Fourth Republic. |
| March 1947–February 1949 | Unsuccessful anti-colonial uprising in Madagascar. |
| April 1951 | The Treaty of Paris establishes the European Coal and Steel Community. |
| May 1954 | The French army is defeated at Dien Bien Phu; the French formally withdraw from Indochina in August 1954. |
| November 1954 | The Algerian War begins. |
| March 1956 | Tunisia and Morocco become independent. |
| March 1957 | The Treaty of Rome establishes the European Economic Community. |
| May 1958 | Charles de Gaulle is invited to form a new government; he becomes president in January 1959. |
| 1958–present: Fifth Republic | |
| October 1958 | The adoption of the constitution of the Fifth Republic. |
| 1958–1960 | Independence of all the territories formerly part of French West Africa (AOF) and French Equatorial Africa (AEF). |
| February 1960 | France tests its first nuclear bomb in the Algerian Sahara. |
| March 1962 | De Gaulle signs the Évian Accords that end the Algerian War. |
| May–June 1968 | Widespread student and worker protests across France. |
| June 1969 | De Gaulle resigns as president; he is replaced by Georges Pompidou. |
| October 1973 | The first global oil crisis. |
| 1974–1981 | Presidency of the liberal Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (one term). |
| January 1975 | The ‘Loi Veil’ legalizes abortion. |
| 1981–1995 | Presidency of the socialist François Mitterrand (two terms). |
| March 1983 | After two years of left-wing social and economic reforms, Mitterrand announces policy of austerity. |
| 1984 | Unemployment rate exceeds 10% for the first time since the Second World War. |
| September 1992 | In a referendum, the French narrowly support the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty. |
| 1995–2007 | Presidency of the centre-right Jacques Chirac (two terms). |
| December 1999 | Introduction of the euro. |
| April 2002 | Jean-Marie Le Pen, the leader of the extreme right Front National party, reaches the second round of the presidential election. |
| March 2004 | Promulgation of a law banning conspicuous religious symbols in state schools. |
| May 2005 | In a referendum, the French reject a proposed European Constitution; as a result the entire project is abandoned. |
| October–November 2005 | Major riots in French cities in response to police violence. |
| 2007–2012 | Presidency of the centre-right Nicolas Sarkozy (one term). |
| March 2011 | France leads the NATO intervention in Libya. |
| March 2011 | After a referendum in 2009, the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean becomes France’s 101st département. |
| 2012–2017 | Presidency of the socialist François Hollande (one term). |
| January 2013–July 2014 | French intervention in Mali. |
| May 2013 | Legalization of same-sex marriage (le mariage pour tous). |
| 2015–2016 | A series of Islamist terrorist attacks on the offices of Charlie Hebdo magazine in January 2015, a number of locations in Paris in November 2015, and in Nice in July 2016. |
| 2017–present November 2018 | Presidency of the liberal Emmanuel Macron. Start of the gilets jaunes (yellow vests) protests. |
