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1 1. Allen C. Bluedorn, Scientific Management (comprising Shop Management, The Principles of Scientific Management, Testimony before the Special House Committee, New York: Harper, 1947), Academy of Management Review 11, no. 2 (April 1, 1986).

2 2. Mark Hamilton, The ad that changed advertising, Medium.com, March 20, 2015, https://medium.com/@marathonmilk; Bob Garfield, Ad Age Advertising Century: The Top 100 Campaigns AdAge (March 2, 1999), https://adage.com/article/special-report-the-advertising-century/ad-age-advertising-century-top-100-campaigns/140918.

3 3. Samuel Arbesman, Overcomplicated, Portfolio, Reprint edition ( June 20, 2017).

4 4. Peter Ho and Adrian W. J. Kuah, “Governing for the Future,” Prism 5, no. 1 (2014), https://cco.ndu.edu/Portals/96/Documents/prism/prism:5-1/Governing_for_the_future.pdf.

5 5. Reader, please note that I do none of these things, but I admire those who do.

6 6. Regarding the planning fallacy, see Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011), p. 251.

7 7. Two related perspectives that discuss complexity are from John Allspaw and the fallacies in statistical analysis, Twitter, April 30, 2021, https://twitter.com/allspaw/status/1388156075015381000?s=20.

8 8. The second is that we do work in teams, not individually, but the cultural remnants of “solo” work still influence the way we think about solving problems. Alan Cooper, Twitter, November 8, 2018, https://twitter.com/mralancooper/status/1060553914209071106.

9 9. The Agile Manifesto, https://agilemanifesto.org/.

10 10. A phrase we use at Truss is: “Be Agile, not Do Agile.” There is a limit to the codification of Agile, because when Agile becomes just another gate for certification, companies lose sight of the purpose. Don't do this.

11 11. Eric Ries, The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses (New York: Crown Business, 2011); Steve Blank, The Four Steps to the Epiphany: Successful Strategies for Products that Win, 5th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020).

12 12. General Stanley McChrystal, Tantum Collins, David Silverman, and Chris Fussell, Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2015).

13 13. BIPOC refers to Black, Indigenous and People of Color. It is an imperfect term to address Black, Indigenous, Latino/a/x, Indian, and Pacific Islander bodies of culture. There are well‐reasoned arguments against BIPOC, notably those that the desire to create an inclusive term also erases the specific cultural heritage between and within each group.

14 14. “Underrepresented minorities” is used here as a reference to US government designations used to make policy, such as the SBA 8(a) designation. For a software company like Truss, this would include women and Black founders/owners, but in other contexts it would include BIPOC owners as well. While the term may be accurate, it's another imperfect term that emphasizes “otherness” and erases specific context.

15 15. K. Y. Williams and C. A. O'Reilly III. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research.” Research in Organizational Behavior 20 (1998): 77–140.

16 16. Katherine W. Phillips, Katie A. Liljenquist, Margaret A. Neale, “Is the Pain Worth the Gain? The Advantages and Liabilities of Agreeing with Socially Distinct Newcomers,” Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin (2008).

17 17. Katia Savachuk, “Do Investors Really Care About Gender Diversity?” Stanford Business, September 17, 2019. Article cites a study by David P. Daniels, Jennifer E. Dannals,Thomas Z. Lys and Margaret A. Neale.

18 18. Project Include: https://projectinclude.org/.

19 19. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2011), p. 20.

20 20. This is a good meditation practice! However, it's a challenge to do one great breath, much less 30 minutes of attentive breathing.

21 21. There is a great list in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases, but I encourage people to read Thinking, Fast and Slow to explore the details of how and why these biases exist.

22 22. When commentators talk about intelligence: 62 percent of praise was aimed at players with lighter skin tone, 63.33 percent of criticism was aimed at players with darker skin tone. When commentators talk about work ethic, 60.40 percent of praise is aimed at players with lighter skin tone. See Danny McLoughlin, Racial bias in football commentary (Study): The pace and power effect, RunRepeat (August 6, 2021).

23 23. Jim Collins and Morten T. Hansen, Great by Choice: Uncertainty, Chaos, and Luck – Why Some Thrive Despite Them All (New York: Harper Business, 2011).

24 24. “Stats and Events,” CAL Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/stats-events/ and “California Wildfires History and Statistics,” Frontline Wildfire Defense, https://www.frontlinewildfire.com/california-wildfires-history-statistics/.

25 25. Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1932).

26 26. Shelley E. Taylor, Laura Cousino Klein, Brian P. Lewis, et al., “Biobehavioral Responses to Stress in Females: Tend‐and‐Befriend, Not Fight‐or‐Flight,” Psychological Review 107 (3) (2000): 411–429.

27 27. These patterns may not be evenly distributed. As we saw earlier, Shelley Taylor's research suggests women are more likely to “tend and friend.” I would not be surprised if there was a dimension that tested differences based on race, but I'm unaware of research that tested this yet.

28 28. Everett Harper, “Company Talk about Police Shootings, as Target and CEO,” Forbes, May 27, 2020.

29 29. Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, CASBS Summit: The Future of Agency: Transforming the University and City‐State, Stanford University. November 30, 2015, https://youtu.be/VJzr85nfxgE CASBS Presentation.