Читать книгу Answers for a Jew - Evgeniy Terekhin - Страница 6

Question: According to prophecies, the Jews will prosper under Messiah. But it wasn’t so in the days of Jesus. Is there at least one prophesy about Messiah that was fulfilled in Jesus?

Answer: “When John [the Baptist] had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples, and said unto him, Art thou he [Messiah] that should come, or do we look for another? Jesus answered and said unto them, Go and shew John again those things which ye do hear and see: The blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the gospel preached to them. And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me” (Mt 11:2—6; compare Lk 7:19—23).

The Jews received from Jesus many blessings. Do they have a reason to be unhappy about not receiving more blessings, considering the fact that it was Jewish leaders who gave over their Benefactor to be crucified?

At the same time, there were many godly Jews who accepted Jesus as Messiah. Some of them had a direct revelation from God about Him, like the shepherds from Bethlehem (see Lk 2:8—20), Simeon the Prophet, and Anna the Prophetess (see Lk 2:21—38). Others saw in Jesus the fulfilment of the Old Testament prophecies (see Jn 1:45).

Daniel details the time of the coming of the Messiah: “Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself” (Dan 9:24—26).

According to Dan 9:25, “from the time the word goes out to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until the Anointed One, the ruler, comes, there will be seven ‘sevens’, and sixty-two ‘sevens’”: (7+62) *7=483 years. The decree about restoration of Jerusalem was passed by Artaxerxes Longimanus, the king of Persia, around the year of 457 BNE. Adding 483 years (69 “sevens”) brings us to 27—28 NE. On the whole, this dating fits well with the testimony of Luke about the time when the ministry of Jesus Christ began “in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar” (Lk 3:1).

The dating of the coming of the Messiah is also foreshadowed in the first book of Moses: “The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until [Peacemaker] <Messiah> come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be” (Gen 49:10; compare 1 Kings 2:4; Ps 132:11).

This prophecy has several possible interpretations. They acknowledge the loss of the “scepter of Judah” as something that has already happened; the only difference is in the timing of the loss. Let’s analyze some of the most common interpretations.

One version sees the loss of the “scepter of Judah” in the interrupted reign of the kings of Judah. This happened in 37 BNE when Herod the Great, an Edomite, was enthroned in Judah. Jesus Christ was born precisely during Herod’s reign: “Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king” (Mt 2:1; compare Lk 1:5). Notably, his birth was recognized by the Jewish teachers of the Law and Herod himself as the coming of the Messiah (see Mt 2:1—8). It should also be noted that there was a Herodian sect in Israel at that time; they saw king Herod as the Messiah (see Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion, 20). Herod must have encouraged such hopes, and initiated the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Seen from this perspective, Herod’ worry about the birth of Jesus (see Mt 2:3) and the subsequent massacre of the innocents (see Mt 2:16—18) makes perfect sense.

According to the second version, the “scepter of Judah” was lost when the kingdom of Judah was divided after the death of Herod the Great. The third version connects it with Judah becoming a Roman province in 6 NE. Both events fall within the lifetime of Jesus.

The fourth version connects the loss of the “scepter of Judah” with the loss of power by the Jewish leaders: “When the member of the sanhedrin saw that they were deprived of authority over life and death, they were overcome by great fear and despair. Putting on sackcloth and ashes they exclaimed: ‘Woe to us! The ‘scepter of Judah’ has departed, but the Messiah has not come!’” (Rabbi Rahmon, quoted in Eg.Fred.John Meldau “Messiah in Both Testaments”). According to Talmud, the sanhedrin was deprived of the authority to pronounce death sentences 40 years before to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (see Avodah Zarah, 8b), which would place it around 30 NE. The Gospel confirms it: “Then said Pilate unto them [sanhedrin], Take ye him [Jesus], and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death” (Jn 18:31).

The prophecy about the “scepter of Judah” has the following continuation: « [Messiah] binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass’s colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes: His eyes shall be red [shiny] with wine, and his teeth white with milk” (Gen 49:11—12).

It predicts, first of all, how Christ will enter Jerusalem: “And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disciples, Saying unto them, Go into the village over against you, and straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them, and bring them unto me. And if any man say ought unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need of them; and straightway he will send them. All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet [Zechariah], saying, Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of an ass [Zech 9:9]. And the disciples went, and did as Jesus commanded them, And brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they set him thereon. And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way. And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest” (Mt 21:1—9; compare Mk 11:1—11; Lk 19:29—44; Jn 12:12—19).

Zachariah the prophet says the same: “Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; shout, O daughter of Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: he is just, and having salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass” (Zech 9:9).

Secondly, the washing of garments in wine and blood (Gen 49:11) foreshadows the institution of the Eucharist (see Mt 26:27—28; Mk 14:23—24; Lk 22:20) and the Calvary sacrifice: “But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already, they brake not his legs: But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water. And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he knoweth that he saith true, that ye might believe. For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken [Ex 12:46]. And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they pierced [Zech 12:10]” (Jn 19:33—37).

As to the latter, there is an allusion to two Old Testament prophecies: “neither shall ye break a bone thereof [easter lamb]” (Ex 12:46) and “I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn” (Zech 12:10).

It would be helpful to quote the words of Jesus in connection with the prophecy of Gen 49:10—12: “Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust. For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me: for he wrote of me. But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my words?” (Jn 5:45—47).

As we have already mentioned, some of the characteristics of the Messiah, which were fulfilled in Jesus, include: coming from the tribe of Judah through the line of David (Gen 49:10; 1 Kings 2:4; Lk 2:3—5; Jn 7:42; Rom 1:3), virgin birth (Gen 3:15; Is 7:14; Mt 1:18—23).

Following the advice of Jesus: “Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me” (Jn 5:39), let us mention other Old Testament prophecies referenced in the Gospels.

Jesus born in Bethlehem: “And when he [Herod] had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet [Micah], And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel” (Mt 2:4—6; compare Jn 7:42). The underlying prophecy: “But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting” (Mic 5:2).

Jesus’ parent take him to Egypt: “When he [Joseph] arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt: And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son” (Mt 2:14—15). The underlying prophecy: “In a morning [sanset] shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off. When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt” (Hos 10:15—11:1; compare Num 23:22; Num 24:8; Ps 80:8).

Massacre of innocents by Herod: “Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time [of the birth of Jesus] which he had diligently enquired of the wise men. Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not” (Mt 2:16—18). The underlying prophecy: “Thus saith the LORD; A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping; Rahel weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not” (Jer 31:15; compare Gen 35:19).

Jesus as a Nazarene and the Branch: “And he [Joseph (with Mary and Jesus)] came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He [Jesus] shall be called a Nazarene [heb. ‘NZR’ = nazarene, sprout, branch]” (Mt 2:23). The underlying prophecy: “And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse [father of David], and a Branch shall grow out of his roots” (Is 11:1; compare Num 6:21; Judg 13:5; 1 Sam 1:11; Jer 23:5; Am 2:11—12; Zech 3:8). Jesus also called the Branch by prophet Zachariah: “And he shewed me Joshua [Jesus] the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand plucked out of the fire? Now Joshua [Jesus] was clothed with filthy garments, and stood before the angel. And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him, saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said, Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will clothe thee with change of raiment. And I said, Let them set a fair mitre upon his head. So they set a fair mitre upon his head, and clothed him with garments. And the angel of the LORD stood by. And the angel of the LORD protested unto Joshua [Jesus], saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these that stand by. Hear now, O Joshua [Jesus] the high priest, thou, and thy fellows that sit before thee: for they are men wondered at: for, behold, I will bring forth my servant the BRANCH. For behold the stone that I have laid before Joshua [Jesus]; upon one stone shall be seven eyes: behold, I will engrave the graving thereof, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day. In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall ye call every man his neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree” (Zech 3:1—10).

Jesus and the Temple in Jerusalem: “And the Jews’ passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem, And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep, and the oxen; and poured out the changers’ money, and overthrew the tables; And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things hence; make not my Father’s house an house of merchandise. And his disciples remembered that it was written, The zeal of thine house hath eaten me up” (Jn 2:13—17). The underlying prophecy: “I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my mother’s children. For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up; and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me” (Ps 69:8—9).

“And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves; And would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel through the temple. And he taught, saying unto them, Is it not written, My house shall be called of all nations the house of prayer? but ye have made it a den of thieves” (Mk 11:15—17; compare Mt 21:12—13; Lk 19:45—46). The underlying prophecies: “Even them [strangers] will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar; for mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people” (Is 56:7) and “Is this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in your eyes? Behold, even I have seen it, saith the LORD” (Jer 7:11).

Messiah’s purpose: “And he [Jesus] came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read. And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias [Isaiah]. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, To preach the acceptable year of the Lord. And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him. And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears. And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth. And they said, Is not this Joseph’s son?” (Lk 4:16—22). The underlying prophecy: “The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound [LXX: recovering of sight to the blind]; To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn; To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they might be called trees of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, that he might be glorified” (Is 61:1—3).

Where Jesus preached: “Now when Jesus had heard that John [the Baptist] was cast into prison, he departed into Galilee; And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim: That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias [Isaiah] the prophet, saying, The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles; The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up. From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Mt 4:12—17). The underlying prophecy: “Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations. The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined” (Is 9:1—2).