Читать книгу Electromagnetic Methods in Geophysics - Fabio Giannino - Страница 4

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1.1 Sketch of the basic components of a GPR system and principle of...Figure 2.1.2 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the reflection pr...Figure 2.1.3 Schematic illustration of data acquisition in the a) CMP, b) tr...Figure 2.1.4 Electromagnetic‐wave velocity measurements: (a) the known objec...Figure 2.1.5 Electromagnetic wave velocity analysis with the hyperbola adapt...Figure 2.1.6 Relation between EM wave velocity and frequency (a) and between...Figure 2.1.7 Elliptical cone of GPR penetration into the ground.Figure 2.2.1 1) The magnet does not move and no electric current is measured...Figure 2.2.2 A magnetic field is generated (dashed splines) when an electric...Figure 2.2.3 Sketch of the propagation of an EM filed generated by a transmi...Figure 2.2.4 Sketch of the phase relation between the primary and the second...Figure 2.2.5 Sketch of the response of the Real component (solid line) and t...Figure 2.2.6 Vertical dipole (1) and horizontal dipole (2) FDEM data acquisi...Figure 2.2.7 relative contribution to the secondary magnetic field H_s respec...Figure 2.3.1 Typical TDEM acquisition scheme.Figure 2.3.2 A Prototype acquisition TDEM system. All the essential parts of...Figure 2.3.3 Prototype acquisition ProTEM manufactured by Geonics Ltd. (www....Figure 2.3.4 The circular‐shaped receiving coil of the ProTEM (Geonics Ltd.)...Figure 2.3.5 The square‐shaped receiving coil of the TDEM system.Figure 2.3.6 Scheme of injection of the current with a TDEM system. (a) In t...Figure 2.3.7 Example of decaying curve of the measured tension with time (fr...Figure 2.3.8 Sketch of the decaying curve of the measured tension with time....
2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Scheme of Georadar system.Figure 3.2 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 2001 points.Figure 3.3 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 7 points.Figure 3.4 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 17 points.Figure 3.5 Graph of the function expressed in eq. 1, drawn by 40 points.Figure 3.6 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 7x7 points...Figure 3.7 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 20x20 poin...Figure 3.8 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 100x100 po...Figure 3.9 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 200x200 po...Figure 3.10 Graph of the function expressed in Eq. (3.2), drawn by 1500x1500...Figure 3.11 Representation of a sine wave.Figure 3.12 Top panel: two sinc functions that are cut at half height. Botto...Figure 3.13 The reconfigurable stepped‐frequency Georadar system.Figure 3.14 Scheme for reconfigurable antennas: the antennas are “short” if ...Figure 3.15 Schematization of the method for calculating the radar equation....Figure 3.16 TPL as a function of the reflector distance when A changes (modi...Figure 3.17 Basic architecture of a GPR.Figure 3.18 Experimental graph of the TPL versus penetration depth, obtained...Figure 3.19 Short time window losing the target.Figure 3.20 GPR trace: 512 samples per trace (a), and 128 samples per trace ...Figure 3.21 Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 4 trace...Figure 3.22 (a) Radar section acquired with a spatial sample interval of 0.0...Figure 3.23 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode without GNSS.Figure 3.24 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode with GNSS.Figure 3.25 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.26 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.27 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 1.0 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.28 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.29 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.30 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice vi...Figure 3.31 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.5 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.32 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.33 GPR profiles in x‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.34 GPR profiles in y‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice v...Figure 3.35 GPR profiles in xy‐direction and 0.25 m spaced: the depth slice ...Figure 3.36 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction, (b) y‐direction,...Figure 3.37 The depth slice visualization: (a) x‐direction 1 m (b) x‐directi...Figure 3.38 The depth slice visualization: (a) y‐direction 1 m, (b) y‐direct...Figure 3.39 The depth slice visualization: (a) xy‐direction 1 m, (b) xy‐dire...Figure 3.40 The IDS Stream C.Figure 3.41 The depth slices 0.4‐0.6m depth: (a) IDS GeoRadar Stream C, (b) ...Figure 3.42 The real‐time display of GPR data.Figure 3.43 (a) GPR raw data; (b) GPR time‐zero correction data. Red arrow i...Figure 3.44 (a) Radar section with a coherent effect related to antenna‐grou...Figure 3.45 (a) Radar section with a coherent banding effect (ringing), the ...Figure 3.46 (a) Radar section without gain function, (b) moderate gain funct...Figure 3.47 Radar section with topographical correction.Figure 3.48 Effect of band pass filter on both the spectrum and single trace...Figure 3.49 (a) GPR raw data, (b) GPR band‐pass filtered data.Figure 3.50 (a) GPR antenna passing on a buried tube, (b) typical reflection...Figure 3.51 (a) GPR raw data, (b) GPR migrated data. Is possible to see (red...Figure 3.52 F‐K filter applied to remove signal (noise) originating from obj...Figure 3.53 Schematization of the construction of a time sliceFigure 3.54 Choice of the two‐way time interval dt in the construction of th...Figure 3.55 (a) GPR raw data; (b) traces envelope; (c) thresholding; (d) 3D ...Figure 3.56 The 3D visualization of GPR data by amplitude iso‐surfaces.Figure 3.57 different types of ray‐paths (R: reflected; T transmitted) from ...Figure 3.58 GPR data acquired in the Co‐Cathedral of Saint John: (a) scheme ...Figure 3.59 Forward GPR model for data acquisition below a dome.Figure 3.60 Forward model: two homogeneous layers with a dielectric constant...Figure 3.61 Forward model: radar section with the evidenced polarity of the ...Figure 3.62 The 600 MHz processed radar section.Figure 3.63 Archaeological find in Calle Mantas, one of the entrance ways to...Figure 3.64 GPR processed data acquired on a fractured medium: (a) raw data;...Figure 3.65 (a) Estimated EM‐wave velocity propagation using the hyperbola d...
3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Sketch of an electromagnetometer. Tx is the transmitting coil, Rx...Figure 4.2 GCM Geonics Ltd EM31 MK‐2 during the acquisition phases of a surv...Figure 4.3 GCM GSSI Inc EMP‐400 during the acquisition phases of a survey.Figure 4.4 GCM Dualem 6s, during the acquisition phases of a survey.Figure 4.5 Data acquisition. Possible problems of under‐sampling or over‐sam...Figure 4.6 Data acquisition. Black line represents the possible position of ...Figure 4.7 Data acquisition in the case of an unknown shaped target. In “A” ...Figure 4.8 Data acquisition. In the area bordered by the blue polygon, an in...Figure 4.9 Data acquisition. Stationary acquisition mode (or “Point by Point...Figure 4.10 Data acquisition. Positioning of the stations in the stationary ...Figure 4.11 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode continuous without GNSS.Figure 4.12 Data acquisition. Acquisition mode continuous with GPS.Figure 4.13 Data acquisition. Example of correction of GNSS positions.Figure 4.14 Data acquisition. Example of data shown on the screen of the int...Figure 4.15 Data analysis. Example of GNSS (positioning, geographic coordina...Figure 4.16 Data analysis. Example of data file ready for the following proc...Figure 4.17 Data analysis. Example of Apparent Electric Conductivity map.Figure 4.18 example of the graph showing the in‐phase component with respect...Figure 4.19 example of inverted 2D section of conductivity obtained by using...Figure 4.20 example of inverted 3D map at a given depth of conductivity obta...
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Sketch of the essential (minimum) parts describing a system to ca...Figure 5.2 Scheme of functioning of a TDEM survey.Figure 5.3 1D TDEM sounding.Figure 5.4 Example of 1D model of the subsoil after 1D inversion of TDEM dat...Figure 5.5 Example of 2D section along the XZ plan, obtained after interpola...Figure 5.6 Example of 2D section along the XY plan, obtained after interpola...
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Sketch of the essential (minimum) parts describing a system to ca...Figure 6.2 Scheme of functioning of an AEM survey.Figure 6.3 Typical 1D AEM sounding.Figure 6.4 Example of part of a flight plan for a AEM campaign.Figure 6.5 A data processing window showing portions of data deleted because...Figure 6.6 The trapezoid shaped averaging core: data are averaged over large...Figure 6.7 Altimetry data processing. (a) Raw data, (b) after a first phase ...Figure 6.8 Tilt‐meter data processingFigure 6.9 Data processing. The phase of couplings removal and filtering. Gr...Figure 6.10 Inversion of AEM data. In (d) the actual geological section is i...Figure 6.11 Example of 1D model of the subsoil after 1D inversion of TDEM da...Figure 6.12 Example of Electrical Resistivity 2D section along the XZ plan, ...Figure 6.13 Example of Electrical Resistivity 2D plan along the XY plan, at ...Figure 6.14 Example of Electrical Chargeability 2D plan along the XY plan, a...
6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The Martyrium of St Philip planimetry with the surveyed area high...Figure 7.2 The processed radar sections related to the profiles a) 11, b) 19...Figure 7.3 The time slices.Figure 7.4 Iso‐surface visualization of the envelope of the migrated data (5...Figure 7.5 FDEM slice map of the electrical conductivity (EC): a) 14025Hz; b...Figure 7.6 The geophysical surveyed areas.Figure 7.7 Area 2 time slices related to 600MHz antenna GPR data.Figure 7.8 Area 2 time slices related to 200MHz antenna GPR data.Figure 7.9 Area 2: time slices: (a) 75–115 cm depth related to the GPR data ...Figure 7.10 Area 3 time slices related to 600MHz antenna GPR data.Figure 7.11 Area 3 time slices related to 200MHz antenna GPR data.Figure 7.12 Area 3: time slices 290‐320cm depth related to the GPR data acqu...Figure 7.13 Area 3: Examples of three‐dimensional visualizations by means of...Figure 7.14 GPR profiles location: a) on the Sanctuary and its north‐west si...Figure 7.15 Processed radar sections related to the R1, R2 and R3 profile ac...Figure 7.16 Sanctuary: (a) R3 processed radar section, (b) seismic depth sli...Figure 7.17 The Sanctuary GPR depth slices.Figure 7.18 The Sanctuary planimetry overlap the GPR slice at depth ranging ...Figure 7.19 The depth slices at north‐east side of the sanctuary area.Figure 7.20 time slices.Figure 7.21 The Archaeological site of Pyrgi near Santa Severe, Rome (Italy)...Figure 7.22 The Stream X system at Pyrgi site. The excavated sector is in th...Figure 7.23 The survey area.Figure 7.24 Coverage of the GPR survey at the Pyrgi site. Blue polygons indi...Figure 7.25 Time slice at ‐0.2 meters.Figure 7.26 Time slice at ‐0.4 meters.Figure 7.27 Time slice at ‐0.8 meters.Figure 7.28 Time slice at ‐1 meter.Figure 7.29 Lecce ‐ Piazza Duomo. Location of the religious building investi...Figure 7.30 Plan of the Lecce Cathedral. Hypothetical reconstruction of the ...Figure 7.31 Photos (on the left) and plan (on the right) of the crypt under ...Figure 7.32 Lecce Cathedral, crypt under the transept: elaborated radar sect...Figure 7.33 Lecce Cathedral, crypt under the transept: GPR time slice 270 MH...Figure 7.34 Lecce Cathedral, crypt under the transept, GPR time slices (270 ...Figure 7.35 3D iso‐surfaces related to three depth range: (a) 0.0‐1.0 m, (b)...Figure 7.36 Lecce Cathedral: GPR profiles along the northern nave (600 MHz a...Figure 7.37 Lecce Cathedral: GPR profiles along the northern nave (200 MHz a...Figure 7.38 Lecce Cathedral: GPR time slice (200 MHz antenna; depth correspo...Figure 7.39 Lecce Cathedral: GPR time slice (200 MHz antenna; depth correspo...Figure 7.40 Lecce Cathedral: GPR time slice (200 MHz antenna; depth correspo...Figure 7.41 Lecce Cathedral: 3D visualization shows the distribution of the ...Figure 7.42 The study area in Ventarron (north Peru).Figure 7.43 The surveyed areas.Figure 7.44 Area 1: the processed radar section related to profile R5.Figure 7.45 Area 1: Depth slices.Figure 7.46 Area 1: the 3D representation by iso‐surface amplitude of the EM...Figure 7.47 Area 1: exavation results.Figure 7.48 Area 2: the processed radar section related to profile R3.Figure 7.49 Area 2: Depth slices.Figure 7.50 Area 2: the 3D representation by iso‐surface amplitude of the EM...Figure 7.51 Area 2: excavation results.Figure 7.52 Area 3: the processed radar sections.Figure 7.53 Area 3: excavation results.Figure 7.54 Location of the Crypt of the ‘Spirito Santo’ in Monopoli.Figure 7.55 Fresco inside the crypt.Figure 7.56 The surveyed wall.Figure 7.57 The frequency slices.Figure 7.58 Comparison between (a) the frequency slice in the interval 700–7...Figure 7.59 Comparison between (a) photo; (b) the distribution of temperatur...Figure 7.60 Area T01 at the abutment of the tunnel.Figure 7.61 Area T02 at the ceiling of the tunnel.Figure 7.62 An image of the C thrue GPR while collecting data at Area T01.Figure 7.63 An image of the TR900 antenna while collecting data at Area T01....Figure 7.64 result of the C thrue at T01.Figure 7.65 result of the TR900 at T01.Figure 7.66 result of the C thrue at T02.Figure 7.67 Volumetric water content (w) as function of relative dielectric ...Figure 7.68 Cubic concrete sample used for test measurement.Figure 7.69 (a) GPR Traveltime Tomography scheme, (b) ray tracing, (c) first...Figure 7.70 GPR Travel‐time Tomography relative dielectric constant (k) and ...Figure 7.71 co‐pole configuration: (a) co‐polarized, (b) cross‐polarized.Figure 7.72 reinforced bar orientation: (a) parallel to the long axis of a d...Figure 7.73 (a) The resulting hyperbola from cylindrical object; (b) general...Figure 7.74 (a) synthetic model with a metal bar of 10mm diameter, (b) synth...Figure 7.75 Real GPR data acquired on a bar with diameter of 20mm.Figure 7.76 synthetic model with metal bars of 8 to 10mm diameters.Figure 7.77 synthetic radar sections: (a) bar signals along the EM field, (b...Figure 7.78 The synthetic radar time section processed.Figure 7.79 The controlled test scheme.Figure 7.80 The GPR processed data: (a) normal polarization, (b) parallel po...Figure 7.81 bar diameters versus Ac/An ratio obtained using both the forward...Figure 7.82 Test data on known bar diameters of 20mm: (a) normal polarizatio...Figure 7.83 Test data on known bar diameters of 6mm: (a) normal polarization...Figure 7.84 The Basilica di Santa Croce.Figure 7.85 Phase of the GPR data acquisition. On the right side of the phot...Figure 7.86 location of GPR profiles.Figure 7.87 the processed radar sections.Figure 7.88 Time slices 18‐27cm: (a) left side, (b) central side, (c) right ...Figure 7.89 the iso‐surface.Figure 7.90 Photos of the excavation done after the results of geophysics.Figure 7.91 the survey area in Italy.Figure 7.92 The survey area and its dimension.Figure 7.93 The Stream UP system.Figure 7.94 Coverage of the GPR survey. Blue polygons indicate the footprint...Figure 7.95 Tomography view at 60cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.96 Tomography view at 71cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.97 Tomography view at 75cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.98 Tomography view at 90cm below ground. Black arrows point at the ...Figure 7.99 Tomography view at 101cm below ground. Black arrows point at the...Figure 7.100 Tomography view at 110cm below ground. Black arrows point at th...Figure 7.101 Tomography view at 60cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.102 tomography view at 76cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.103 Tomography view at 90cm below ground. The green solid lines are...Figure 7.104 export of the targets in CAD compatible format.Figure 7.105 the survey area in Scandinavia.Figure 7.106 The survey area and its dimension.Figure 7.107 The Stream C system during the site operations.Figure 7.108 Coverage of the GPR survey. Blue polygons indicate the footprin...Figure 7.109 tomography view at 43cm below ground.Figure 7.110 tomography view at 59 cm below ground.Figure 7.111 tomography view at 61 cm below ground.Figure 7.112 tomography view at 65 cm below ground.Figure 7.113 tomography view at 175 cm below ground.Figure 7.114 Tomography view at 171 cm below ground. The black, red, and yel...Figure 7.115 View of the targets identified. The black, red, and yellow soli...Figure 7.116 Taiwan.Figure 7.117 The Stream EM system.Figure 7.118 The survey area.Figure 7.119 Coverage of the GPR survey at the Taiwan urban site. Blue polyg...Figure 7.120 3D view from top.Figure 7.121 3D view from bottom.Figure 7.122 targets (man‐hole covers in blue, pipes in green, and cavity lo...Figure 7.123 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.124 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.125 export of the targets from GPR merged with the point cloud of t...Figure 7.126 (a) Schematic of the set up for EC1. (b) Picture of the setup....Figure 7.127 Experimental configuration of the setup for two of the experime...Figure 7.128 Layout for the EC3: (a) The SE (metallic wire) on the road surf...Figure 7.129 Radar sections for EC1. From top to bottom: dry condition; slig...Figure 7.130 Radar sections acquired through the 200 MHz antenna. Upper pane...Figure 7.131 Radar sections acquired through the 600 MHz antenna: upper pane...Figure 7.132 Percentage variation of the velocity in the subsoil.Figure 7.133 Georadar profile, perpendicular to the pipe, acquired through t...Figure 7.134 Upper panel: B‐scan with the antenna at 600 MHz; lower panel: B...Figure 7.135 Zoom on the Bscan of fig. 15 upper panel.Figure 7.136 Orthogonal profiles at the abscissas 16.4 m and 18 m.Figure 7.137 Location of the survey site: via Luca Antonio Resta, Mesagne, (...Figure 7.138 South‐West Brindisi Provincia Geological Map;Figure 7.139 Photos: a) example of cracks (labeled L) developed in several b...Figure 7.140 Comparison between data set (500 MHz antenna) before (a) and af...Figure 7.141 Time slice for the 20–34 ns time window (0.7 m–1.2 m depth). T ...Figure 7.142 (a) (top) Raw radar section. Velocity analysis with the diffrac...Figure 7.143 Lateral velocity variations across the area in the time window ...Figure 7.144 The IDS GeoRadar HiBrigHT GPR System.Figure 7.145 The survey acquisition scheme.Figure 7.146 The survey acquisition scheme.Figure 7.147 data acquisition lines marked on asphalt with chalk (indicated ...Figure 7.148 The Tomography view of the migrated data (amplitude of the EM s...Figure 7.149 the export of the points of reflection of the GPR signal due to...Figure 7.150 The B scans at Area 1.Figure 7.151 The B scans at Area 1.Figure 7.152 The Amplitude Map at Area 1.Figure 7.153 The Moisture Map at Area 1.Figure 7.154 The Concrete Map at Area 1.Figure 7.155 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.156 Survey area. The red polygon indicates the area where FDEM meas...Figure 7.157 The data acquisition phase with the Geonics EM 31.Figure 7.158 FDEM results. Apparent Conductivity map relating with the acqui...Figure 7.159 FDEM results. In Phase component map relating with the acquisit...Figure 7.160 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.161 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.162 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the bricks...Figure 7.163 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the tires ...Figure 7.164 Survey area. Preparation of the trial field. Placing the metal ...Figure 7.165 Survey area. GPS positions of the acquisition lines.Figure 7.166 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.167 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.168 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.169 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.170 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.171 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. In phase component map...Figure 7.172 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.173 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.174 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Quadrature component m...Figure 7.175 FDEM results with Geonics EM31. Apparent Electrical Conductivit...Figure 7.176 FDEM results with Geonics EM31. Apparent Electrical Conductivit...Figure 7.177 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent Electrical Co...Figure 7.178 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.179 Survey area. Red polygon indicates the area where FDEM measurem...Figure 7.180 Survey area. Sub‐area 1. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.181 Survey area. Sub‐area 2. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.182 Survey area. Sub‐area 4. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.183 Survey area. Sub‐area 5. Blue lines indicate the GPS positions ...Figure 7.184 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.185 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.186 FDEM results with GSSI EMP‐400 Profiler. Apparent electrical Co...Figure 7.187 Image of the survey area with indication of a few elements usef...Figure 7.188 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 2 KHz, superimposed to ...Figure 7.189 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 9 KHz, superimposed to ...Figure 7.190 Apparent Electrical Conductivity map at 15 KHz, superimposed to...Figure 7.191 Aerial photo of the survey area. Here the points named A, B, C ...Figure 7.192 Survey area. The yellow circle indicates the presence of two ho...Figure 7.193 Apparent Conductivity map.Figure 7.194 In Phase Component map.Figure 7.195 Apparent Electric Conductivity map overlaid to aerial photo.Figure 7.196 In Phase Component map overlaid to aerial photo.Figure 7.197 Location map of the Italian reference and calibration site. (a)...Figure 7.198 The Geonics 47 data calibrated at the Lyngby test site (Denmark...Figure 7.199 Signal and noise responses measured for the ultra‐high (UH), ve...Figure 7.200 WSW–ENE resistivity section. Smooth inversion results calculate...Figure 7.201 Field data (error bar), forward responses (solid line) and reco...Figure 7.202 Joint inversion result of the collected Geonics 47 and WalkTEM ...Figure 7.203 (a) 1‐D reference resistivity model of the San Rossore referenc...Figure 7.204 Comparison between the reference response (blue curve) and the ...Figure 7.205 (a) Forward response of the calibrated 100 × 100 m loop data pl...Figure 7.206 Location and digital elevation model of the Spiritwood AeroTEM ...Figure 7.207 Inversion results for the AeroTEM survey. The recovered 1D resi...Figure 7.208 (a) AeroTEM and (b) VTEM resistivity models along seismic line ...Figure 7.209 Histogram of layer resistivities for all 1D 29‐layer smooth inv...Figure 7.210 Automatic segmentation of lithology for model cross section M1 ...Figure 7.211 AeroTEM resistivity along model cross section M2. Solid black l...Figure 7.212 Ground‐based TEM data and inversion results forc80 × 80 m centr...Figure 7.213 AeroTEM resistivity along model cross section M3. The solid bla...Figure 7.214 A 3D depiction of the bottom erosional surfaces of all buried v...Figure 7.215 Bedrock topography of the 3D geologic model obtained via interp...Figure 7.216 (a) Seismic reflection profiles S2 (left) and S6 (right). Red l...Figure 7.217 (a) Three‐dimensional voxel‐based lithological model of a selec...Figure 7.218 (a) VTEM resistivity model along seismic line S1. (b) A 3D depi...Figure 7.219 The 3D visualization of the voxel‐based geologic model of the b...Figure 7.220 EM survey lines over government geological map. For comparison ...Figure 7.221 Example of transients affected by IP (red bars represent negati...Figure 7.222 Distribution of sum of log10(abs(∑(negatives)), in pV/Am4 (abov...Figure 7.223 Distribution of time constant τ over interval C (cf Table 7.2)....Figure 7.224 Scatter plot and corresponding linear regression showing correl...Figure 7.225 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of decay rate interval ...Figure 7.226 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of decay rate interval ...Figure 7.227 Sensitivity of IP scanner to the metric of the sum of negatives...Figure 7.228 “AIP scanner” map, with dark blue = no AIP, yellow‐orange‐red =...Figure 7.229 Inverted chargeability section compared against profile of AIP ...Figure 7.230 Resistivity models obtained with AIP modelling (top) and withou...Figure 7.231 Resistivity models obtained with AIP modelling (top) and withou...Figure 7.232 Chargeability section accompanying Figure 7.231. The fault is e...

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