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The junctional epithelium and connective tissue attachment together are known as the supracrestal attached tissues (formerly referred to as biologic width).^2,31 The dimensions of these structures were investigated by Gargiulo et al³² and Vacek et al³³ in human cadavers reporting an average distance of 2.04 mm and 1.91 mm, respectively (Table 1-5).

TABLE 1-5 Classic studies on the dimensions of supracrestal tissue attachment and sulcus

	Sulcular epithelium (mm)	Junctional epithelium (mm)	Connective tissue (mm)
Gargiulo et al32	0.69	0.97	1.07
Vacek et al33	1.34	1.14	0.77

A meta-analysis by Schmidt et al³⁴ in 2013 concluded that the biologic width ranges from 2.15 mm to 2.30 mm, with posterior teeth having longer junctional epithelium and the dimension of connective tissue attachment being larger in buccal and lingual surfaces compared with interproximal sites.³⁴