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Gher and Dunlap performed a series of studies to determine variations in the root anatomy.^13,68,69 One study reported that the mean distance from the CEJ to the furcation entrance for maxillary first molars was 3.6 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.8 mm for mesial, buccal, and distal furcations, respectively⁶⁸ (Fig 5-2). In a similar study using mandibular first molars, the mean distance was 4 mm for both buccal and lingual furcation entrances.⁶⁹ Ultimately, the furcation anatomy of maxillary first premolars was explored, and authors reported a mean distance of 6 mm from the CEJ⁷⁰ (Table 5-4).^68–75

Fig 5-2 Location of furcation entrance of maxillary (a) and mandibular (b) first molars.

TABLE 5-4 Location of furcation entrance with respect to the CEJ

Tooth type	Authors	Distance from CEJ to furcation entrance (mm)
Maxillary first molars	Gher and Dunlap68	Mesial: 3.6Buccal: 4.2Distal: 4.8
Kerns et al71	Mesial: 4.73Buccal: 4.11Distal: 4.66
Maxillary second molars	Kerns et al71	Mesial: 6.40Buccal: 4.29Distal: 4.83
Mandibular first molars	Dunlap and Gher69	Buccal/lingual: 4
Mandelaris et al72	Buccal: 3.19Lingual: 4.08
Kerns et al71	Buccal: 3.27Lingual: 4.28
Wheeler73	Buccal: 3Lingual: 4
Mandibular second molars	Mandelaris et al72	Buccal: 3.09Lingual: 4.27
Kerns71	Buccal: 3.28Lingual: 3.83
Maxillary first premolars	Gher and Vernino70	6
Booker and Loughlin74	7.9
Joseph et al75	Range of 7.6–7.9