Читать книгу English Translations from the Greek: A Bibliographical Survey - Finley Melville Kendall Foster - Страница 7

Table of Contents

I have no intention in the following paragraphs of discussing the ideals or the criteria of a good translation; for the making of an English version of a Greek original presents problems little different from those of translation from any language into English. At this time I merely wish to call attention to the various kinds of Greek literature which have been popular at different times during the last four hundred and thirty years. The extant literature of Greece lends itself in many respects better than other literatures to a genre classification. I have taken for my guidance the tabular survey at the close of Professor Jebb's excellent Primer of Greek Literature and in grouping my authors have used his headings and classifications. Of the divisions which he presents in his table thirteen are to be found in this bibliography. Many of these headings, such as Philosophy, Drama, History, Fable, Oratory, Geography, Biography, are self-explanatory. Under the remaining divisions I have classed the following authors: Bucolic Poetry contains only the work of Theocritus, Bion and Moschus; Poetry contains all the other work in verse except the epic; Romance embraces the work of Longus, Heliodorus, and Apollonius Rhodius; Epic contains the [pg xxv] works of Homer and Hesiod; Belles Lettres, the work of Theophrastus, Longinus, and Lucian; Learning and Science, the work of Hippocrates, and others of similar nature.

Date	New	Reprints	Total for ten years	Total for preceding fifty years	Total for preceding hundred years
1481-1490	1	0	1
1491-1500	0	1	1	2	2
1501-1510	0	0	0
1511-1520	0	0	0
1521-1530	4	0	4
1531-1540	8	5	13
1541-1550	6	3	9	26
1551-1560	5	4	9
1561-1570	12	2	14
1571-1580	11	6	17
1581-1590	8	5	13
1591-1600	14	6	20	73	99
1601-1610	7	7	14
1611-1620	10	9	19
1621-1630	9	3	12
1631-1640	13	13	26
1641-1650	7	2	9	80
1651-1660	12	5	17
1661-1670	9	6	15
1671-1680	11	10	21
1681-1690	18	12	30
1691-1700	16	15	31	114	194
1701-1710	17	19	36
1711-1720	26	15	41
1721-1730	14	19	33
1731-1740	11	18	29
1741-1750	23	19	42	181
1751-1760	23	19	42
1761-1770	14	22	36
1771-1780	29	24	53
1781-1790	17	22	39
1791-1800	25	14	39	209	390
1801-1810	28	49	77
1811-1820	18	44	62
1821-1830	55	32	87
1831-1840	40	22	62
1841-1850	59	19	78	366
1851-1860	41	16	57
1861-1870	94	26	120
1871-1880	101	55	156
1881-1890	154	88	242
1891-1900	142	98	240	815	1181
1901-1910	114	93	207
1911-1917	63	28	91	298	298
Total	1289	875	2164	2164	2165

(For 1591-1600, the totals are for six years only.)

With this classification I have made a chronological survey of the translations and summed up my results at the century and half-century marks. These results are embodied in the following table in which the translations have been listed in order of importance from a numerical point of view. Underneath each heading I have placed the number of that type which were printed during the preceding fifty years. Where two or more classes are equal I have placed them within the same rectangle to emphasize such equality. At the bottom of each column I have indicated, where necessary, the classes which are non-existent for each fifty years.

1550	1600	1650	1700	1750
Phil. 16	Phil. 20	Hist. Fable 11	Phil. 34	Phil. 44
Hist. 2 Geog. 2 Learn. 2	Orat. 9	Phil. 10 Epic 10	Fable 26	Epic 31
Orat. 1 Fable 1	Rom. 8	Poetry 7	Epic 13	Fable 27
	Fable 7	B. L. 5 Rom. 5	Hist. 11	Hist. 15 B. L. 15
	Hist. 6	Orat. 4	Biog. 9	Poetry 14
	Poetry 5	Biog. 3	B. L. 6	Drama 12
	Epic 4 Drama 4	Drama 2	Poetry 5	Biog. 7
	Biog. 3	Learn. 1	Bucol. 4	Orat. 6
	Geog. 1 Learn 1 Bucol. 1 B. L. 1		Learn. 3 Rom. 3	Bucol. 5
			Drama 2	Rom. 4
				Learn. 1
No Epic Poetry Drama Biog Bucol. B. L. Rom.		No Geog. Bucol.	No Orat. Geog.	No Geog.

1800	1850	1900	1916
Phil. 48	Drama 115	Drama 244	Drama 92
Poetry 45	Hist. 59	Phil. 152	Phil. 84
Epic 37	Epic 52	Epic 141	Epic 34
Drama 22	Poetry 51	Hist. 90	Fable 21
Fable 16	Phil. 48	Biog. 60	Hist. 20
Bucol. 14	Bucol. 27	Poetry 39	Biog. 16
Orat. 12 B. L. 12	Orat. 13 B. L. 13	Fable 33	Poetry 13
Biog. 10	Rom. 8	Orat. 32	B. L. 9
Hist. 7	Biog. 7	Bucol. 22	Bucol. 7
Rom. 6	Fable 6	B. L. 19	Orat. 4 Rom. 4
Geog. 2	Geog. 2	Geog. 7 Rom. 7	Learn. 2
	Learn. 1	Learn. 1
No Learn.			No Geog.

(B. L. are Belles Lettres, Learn. is Learning and Science, Biog. is Biography, Orat. is Oratory, Bucol. is Bucolic Poetry, Phil. is Philosophy, Geog. is Geography, Poetry is Elegiac, Iambic, Lyric Poetry, Hist. is History, Romance is Prose Romances.)

To a large extent the table speaks for itself, for the interests and preferences of each generation are made self-evident; nevertheless it may be worth while to sum up a few of the outstanding facts. The Elizabethans translated anything which appealed to them and in many cases added to or at least embellished the translation as they saw fit. Some of their translations were made from the French, as Caxton's version of Aesop or North's version of Plutarch. One has but to compare Marlowe and Chapman's Hero and Leander with Musaeus to realize how little is Musaeus and how much is Marlowe and Chapman. The Elizabethan translators, moreover, were indiscriminate in their tastes, largely because their stock of Greek learning was small and consequently they had no perspective from which to judge the comparative merits of the works which they translated. “It was all Greek to them” and therefore proper to be translated. They enjoyed and believed Artemidorus' Dreams as much as they did any of the works of Aristotle. Finally I wish to point out the high place [pg xxvii] Romance holds in the fifty years before 1600. This adds to the credibility of the theory of the influence of the Greek Romance upon Elizabethan prose fiction. All things considered, the translations of the Elizabethans are thoroughly in accord with the temper of the times as exhibited in their literature.

It is interesting to note that in the one hundred and fifty years immediately following the Civil War Philosophy is the chief interest. The neo-classicists, theoretically at least, went back to the classics for their authority. Indeed Aristotle's Poetics was considered absolute in all its dicta. Fable and Epic with varying success contend for second place in their interest. The moralized fable was naturally popular with a generation which loved the didactic; and the epic, as they often acknowledged, was a model for their own poetry. The rise of Poetry, such as Pindar's Odes, Anacreon's Odes, and Tyrtaeus' Elegies, is to my mind an evidence of the change in opinion and attitude toward literature which was gradually increasing during the latter half of the eighteenth century and which finally came to the foreground in the first part of the next century. Pindar's Odes were placed directly in opposition to those of Cowley's and the lyrics of Sappho were certainly not in accord with the ideas of the neo-classicists. Whether these translations were wholly correct or not, is aside from the point. Men were becoming more interested in the lyrical side of Greek literature, and this interest exhibited a taste foreign to sententious didacticism; for none of that is to be found in the Elegiac, Iambic, or Lyric Poetry of the Greeks. Once again, then, the kind of translation which the generations enjoyed was coincident with the prevailing literary taste, and the rise of Poetry toward the close of these one hundred and fifty years is at least evidence of a change in public interest.

[pg xxviii]

Perhaps catholicity of taste is the best phrase which may be used to characterize the nineteenth century. Nothing shows this better than the table of translations. The Drama, Epic, History, Oratory, Philosophy, Biography, Poetry and the more minor divisions were all translated with an abundance which shows a steady demand on the part of the reading public. The Drama now assumed its place as one of the important elements of Greek literature and possibly because it was a new found treasure, for the texts of the dramatists were not edited until the middle of the eighteenth century, was a little overemphasized. However, as was pointed out in the latter part of the previous section, the aim of Bohn's Classical Library was the aim of the reading public, i.e., a complete survey of Greek literature in English. The nineteenth century, moreover, in addition to translating practically all Greek literature, insisted upon a certain amount of literalness in the translation. It was to be the endeavor of the translator to present his author to the public without any change or adaptation on his part in bridging the gap between the two languages. Just what the word literal meant and of how much consequence it was during the century can be readily ascertained by reading Matthew Arnold's lectures On Translating Homer and Newman's Reply.

Whether the twentieth century will carry on the width of interest of the nineteenth is hard to say. Until the war broke out the present century bid fair to equal its predecessor. With the coming of the war, however, translation from the Greek has been forced into the background and how long it will remain there, is, at this time, a matter of conjecture.

If this table has done no more, it has at least furnished an interesting thermometer of public taste through the centuries that are past. In all generations where the public [pg xxix] has had the opportunity of choosing what it would have from Greek literature, the choice has been along lines very similar in taste to the prevailing literary interest. What lies in the future is hard to say, for practically everything of importance has been translated. Probably we shall see repeated what we are witnessing to-day: the retranslation of Greek literature for each succeeding generation into terms of its own conception. Bohn's Classical Library is now in the process of being replaced by the Loeb Classical Library and I dare say sixty years hence some other “library” will replace this one. Greek literature is no longer a hidden pearl, and, although the interest in the language may vary with the generations, the people of England and America have evidently found in it a worth which they desire to keep. If they had not, the following list of translations would never have been possible.

[pg 001]